Notes from the Field: Investigation of Colorado Tick Fever Virus Disease Cases — Oregon, 2018 | MMWR

Notes from the Field: Investigation of Colorado Tick Fever Virus Disease Cases — Oregon, 2018 | MMWR

MMWR Weekly (No. 12) PDF of this issue

Notes from the Field: Investigation of Colorado Tick Fever Virus Disease Cases — Oregon, 2018

Weekly / March 29, 2019 / 68(12);289–290

Emily McDonald1,2; Debbie George3; Steven Rekant2,4; Emily Curren1,2; Emilio DeBess4; Katrina Hedberg4; Jon Lutz5; Jennifer Faith3; Heather Kaisner3; Richard Fawcett3; Rebecca Sherer6; Rob Kanyuch6; Audrey Gudmundsson6; Nicole Gardner6; Marianne Salt6; Olga Kosoy1; Jason Velez1; Erin Staples1; Marc Fischer1; Carolyn Gould1 (View author affiliations)

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In early summer 2018, four cases of Colorado tick fever (CTF) were reported in residents of central Oregon; CTF virus infection was confirmed using CDC’s reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay (1). CTF is caused by a coltivirus that is transmitted by infected Rocky Mountain wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) (2). The tick is found throughout the western United States and Canada, typically at 4,000–10,000 feet (1,219–3,048 meters) above sea level in grassy areas near sage brush (3). CTF virus causes an acute febrile illness with nonspecific symptoms, and although fatal cases are rare, up to 30% of persons with CTF virus disease require hospitalization (4). Because there is no definitive treatment for CTF virus disease, clinical management is supportive. Biphasic illness pattern, leukopenia, absence of rash, and place of exposure can help distinguish CTF from other arthropod-borne infections (2,5). CTF is a reportable condition in six states, including Oregon, but is not nationally notifiable. Over the past decade, the Oregon Health Authority has reported an average of less than one case of CTF per year.

CDC and Oregon health officials conducted an investigation to describe the clinical course, exposures, and geographic distribution of patients with confirmed CTF and to identify additional cases. Information was collected through medical record review and phone interview.

Three of the four confirmed cases were in men in their 70s, and one was in a woman in her 50s. The four patients were residents of three neighboring counties, and all accessed care at the same health care system in one county. Symptom onset in all four patients was in May, and all had fever, leukopenia (white blood cell count <4.0 x 103/μL), and thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150 x 103/μL). Three patients reported experiencing a biphasic illness, where their initial fever and symptoms diminished and then returned again a few days later. Three patients were hospitalized (range 1–3 days), and all recovered from their illness. Although diagnostic testing for tickborne pathogens varied, all patients were tested for CTF using RT-PCR because this test is more sensitive than serology during the acute phase of infection. All patients were treated empirically with doxycycline before laboratory confirmation of CTF virus infection.

All patients reported spending ≥5 hours per day outdoors, including working in wooded or brushy areas, and all reported a tick bite in the 2 weeks preceding illness onset. Three patients reported known tick exposures in two of the counties at elevations of 3,200–4,500 feet (975–1,372 meters) above sea level; however, no geographic clustering was identified because the land area separating the three reported tick exposure locations covered approximately 540 square miles (1,399 square kilometers). All patients reported wearing long sleeves and pants during outdoor activities, but none used insect repellent.

Electronic medical records from the same health care system as that used by the patients with confirmed cases were searched using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revisioncodes for fever and leukopenia to identify possible additional cases. A suspected CTF case was defined as fever and leukopenia with no alternative explanation in a patient evaluated during April 15–July 31, 2018. Patients with suspected cases or their caregivers were interviewed and offered CTF virus testing. Three suspected CTF cases were identified in two children and one adult. The adult, a male in his 60s, submitted a serum sample that was positive for CTF virus–specific neutralizing antibodies. He acquired a tick bite in the days preceding illness onset while hunting in the same county of exposure as two of the confirmed cases.

More CTF cases were identified in Oregon in 2018 than in previous years, possibly because of increased tick activity or heightened provider awareness and testing. No common locations of tick exposure were identified, indicating the pathogen was circulating in several areas of central Oregon in spring 2018. Health departments need to reinforce tick prevention measures, including use of EPA-registered insect repellents, and target messaging to persons participating in outdoor activities with high risk for tick exposure (6).

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Corresponding author: Carolyn Gould, cgould@cdc.gov, 970-225-4203.

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1Arboviral Diseases Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC; 2Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; 3Deschutes County Health Department, Bend, Oregon; 4Oregon Health Authority; 5Bend Memorial Clinic, Bend, Oregon; 6St. Charles Health System, Bend, Oregon.

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All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

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References

1. Lambert AJ, Kosoy O, Velez JO, Russell BJ, Lanciotti RS. Detection of Colorado tick fever viral RNA in acute human serum samples by a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay. J Virol Methods 2007;140:43–8. CrossRef PubMed
2. Marfin A, Campbell G. Colorado tick fever and related Coltivirus infections [Chapter 8]. In: Goodman J, ed. Tick-borne diseases of humans. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2005:143–9.
3. Romero JR, Simonsen KA. Powassan encephalitis and Colorado tick fever. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2008;22:545–59. CrossRef PubMed
4. Yendell SJ, Fischer M, Staples JE. Colorado tick fever in the United States, 2002–2012. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015;15:311–6. CrossRef PubMed
5. Staples JE, Fischer M. Coltivirus (Colorado tick fever) [Chapter 215]. In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, eds. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:1119–21.
6. Brackney MM, Marfin AA, Staples JE, et al. Epidemiology of Colorado tick fever in Montana, Utah, and Wyoming, 1995–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010;10:381–5. CrossRefPubMed

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Suggested citation for this article: McDonald E, George D, Rekant S, et al. Notes from the Field: Investigation of Colorado Tick Fever Virus Disease Cases — Oregon, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:289–290. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6812a4.