Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity
PSR NATIONAL SUMMARY
The Prevention Status Reports highlight—for all 50 states and the District of Columbia—the status of public health policies and practices designed to address 10 important public health problems and concerns. This report focuses on four policies and practices recommended by the Institute of Medicine, Community Preventive Services Task Force, US Surgeon General, CDC, and other expert bodies. The recommendations are based on expert judgment and/or evidence from scientific studies that the policies and practices can improve diet, increase breastfeeding, increase physical activity, or reduce obesity (1–6). These policies and practices are
- Limiting the availability of less nutritious foods and beverages in schools
- Implementing nutrition standards for foods and beverages sold on government property
- Including obesity prevention standards in state regulations of licensed childcare facilities
- Promoting evidence-based practices that support breastfeeding in hospitals and birth centers
Additional strategies to prevent obesity and promote healthy eating, physical activity, and breastfeeding are supported by scientific evidence or expert judgment (2–9). Examples include requiring daily physical education in schools (5), designing communities to support physical activity (7), and improving the availability and promotion of healthier foods in the retail environment (2).
Secondary schools not selling less nutritious foods and beverages
Percentage of secondary schools (middle schools and high schools) in the state that did not allow students to purchase less nutritious foods and beverages from vending machines, school stores, canteens, and snack bars.
How These Ratings Were Determined
These ratings reflect the extent to which states’ secondary schools limited the sale of less nutritious foods and beverages. For a school to be identified as not selling less nutritious foods and beverages, the school principal had to respond “no” to each of the following five items on the CDC School Health Profiles principal questionnaire when asked whether students can purchase that item: 1) chocolate candy; 2) other kinds of candy; 3) salty snacks that are not low in fat, such as regular potato chips; 4) cookies, crackers, cakes, pastries, or other baked goods that are not low in fat; and 5) soda pop or fruit drinks that are not 100% juice (10). Data were collected prior to implementation of the Smart Snacks in School regulation and do not reflect impact of the regulation on school nutrition standards.
These ratings reflect the extent to which states’ secondary schools limited the sale of less nutritious foods and beverages. For a school to be identified as not selling less nutritious foods and beverages, the school principal had to respond “no” to each of the following five items on the CDC School Health Profiles principal questionnaire when asked whether students can purchase that item: 1) chocolate candy; 2) other kinds of candy; 3) salty snacks that are not low in fat, such as regular potato chips; 4) cookies, crackers, cakes, pastries, or other baked goods that are not low in fat; and 5) soda pop or fruit drinks that are not 100% juice (10). Data were collected prior to implementation of the Smart Snacks in School regulation and do not reflect impact of the regulation on school nutrition standards.
Nutrition standards policy for foods and beverages sold on state executive branch property
A state nutrition standards policy for sale of foods and beverages that meets the following criteria: 1) provides or references quantifiable nutrition standards (e.g., sets a maximum for the amount of sodium a food item can include) addressing four or more of the following nine foods or nutrients: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, water, added sugars, sodium, trans fat, saturated fat, and calories/portion sizes; 2) applies to all property and facilities owned, leased, or operated by the state executive branch; and 3) applies to two or more food service venues (e.g., vending machines, cafeterias, snack bars).
How These Ratings Were Determined
These ratings reflect whether states had a nutrition standards policy for sale of foods and beverages and the extent to which the policy meets the following three criteria: 1) provides or references quantifiable nutrition standards (11,12), 2) applies to all state executive branch property, and 3) applies to two or more food service venues.
These ratings reflect whether states had a nutrition standards policy for sale of foods and beverages and the extent to which the policy meets the following three criteria: 1) provides or references quantifiable nutrition standards (11,12), 2) applies to all state executive branch property, and 3) applies to two or more food service venues.
A policy was defined as a regulation, statute, or executive order. Policies were identified by searching WestlawNext© (an online legal research system) for statutes and regulations and LexisNexis® (an online database) for executive orders. Ratings indicate the presence of a policy, not whether it was implemented. For the purposes of this report, correctional facilities, schools, nursing homes, and personal care homes were excluded from the analyses.
Inclusion of obesity prevention standards in state licensing regulations of childcare facilities
Inclusion of some or all of the 47 components of national standards considered to have a high impact for obesity prevention into state licensing regulations of childcare facilities.
How These Ratings Were Determined
These ratings reflect the extent to which state licensing regulations for childcare facilities included the 47 recommended components of national standards considered to have a high impact for obesity prevention. Data were compiled from a report of the National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education (13). A state was considered to have included a component if its regulations for childcare centers, large family childcare homes, and small family childcare homes fully met the requirements of the component.
These ratings reflect the extent to which state licensing regulations for childcare facilities included the 47 recommended components of national standards considered to have a high impact for obesity prevention. Data were compiled from a report of the National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education (13). A state was considered to have included a component if its regulations for childcare centers, large family childcare homes, and small family childcare homes fully met the requirements of the component.
State average birth facility score for breastfeeding support
The average score for breastfeeding support in the state's participating birth facilities.
How These Ratings Were Determined
These ratings reflect the extent to which birth facilities (e.g., hospitals and birth centers) within each state implemented multiple evidence-based strategies that support breastfeeding. State average birth facility scores were obtained from CDC’s National Survey of Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) (14). Each birth facility that responded to a self-administered survey was scored on multiple evidence-based practices that support breastfeeding across seven categories: 1) labor and delivery, 2) breastfeeding assistance, 3) mother-newborn contact, 4) newborn feeding practices, 5) breastfeeding support after discharge, 6) nurse/birth attendant breastfeeding training and education, and 7) structural and organizational factors related to breastfeeding. The total score can range from 0 to 100, with a higher score representing more support. The national average score across all states was 75.
These ratings reflect the extent to which birth facilities (e.g., hospitals and birth centers) within each state implemented multiple evidence-based strategies that support breastfeeding. State average birth facility scores were obtained from CDC’s National Survey of Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) (14). Each birth facility that responded to a self-administered survey was scored on multiple evidence-based practices that support breastfeeding across seven categories: 1) labor and delivery, 2) breastfeeding assistance, 3) mother-newborn contact, 4) newborn feeding practices, 5) breastfeeding support after discharge, 6) nurse/birth attendant breastfeeding training and education, and 7) structural and organizational factors related to breastfeeding. The total score can range from 0 to 100, with a higher score representing more support. The national average score across all states was 75.
**State count includes the District of Columbia.
References
- Institute of Medicine. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007.
- Institute of Medicine. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2012.
- Institute of Medicine. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.
- Office of the Surgeon General. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2011.
- CDC. School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and physical activity[PDF-973KB]. MMWR 2011;60(RR–5).
- American Academy of Pediatrics, American Public Health Association, National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education. Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards; Guidelines for Early Care and Education Programs. 3rd edition. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2011.
- Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Recommendations to increase physical activity in communities[PDF-70KB]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002;22(4S):67–72.
- Institute of Medicine. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2013.
- National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Physical Education Is Critical to Educating the Whole Child. Reston, VA: National Association for Sport and Physical Education; 2011.
- Demissie Z, Brener ND, McManus T, et al. School Health Profiles 2014: Characteristics of Health Programs Among Secondary Schools[PDF-4.7MB]. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2015.
- US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010[PDF-2.9MB]. 7th edition. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2010.
- US Department of Health and Human Services, General Services Administration. Health and Sustainability Guidelines for Federal Concessions and Vending Operations[PDF-1.3MB]. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services and General Services Administration; 2011.
- National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education. Achieving a State of Healthy Weight: 2014 Update[PDF-4.3MB]. Aurora, CO: University of Colorado Denver; 2015.
- CDC. National Survey of Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2013.
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