Notes from the Field | MMWR: Notes from the Field: Health Care–Associated Hepatitis A Outbreak — Texas, 2015 Weekly / April 29, 2016 / 65(16);425–426

Notes from the Field | MMWR

MMWR Weekly Vol. 65, No. 16 April 29, 2016

PDF of this issue

Notes from the Field: Health Care–Associated Hepatitis A Outbreak — Texas, 2015

Weekly / April 29, 2016 / 65(16);425–426

Rachel Wiseman, MPH1; Lauren M. Weil, PhD1; Catalina Lozano2; Thomas J. Johnson Jr.3; Sherry Jin, MPH4; Anne C. Moorman, MPH5; Monique A. Foster, MD5; Tonya Mixson-Hayden, PhD5; Yury Khudyakov, PhD5; David T. Kuhar, MD6; Julie Graves, MD1 (View author affiliations)

View suggested citation

On August 27–28, 2015, the Texas Department of State Health Services received calls from Fort Bend County and Harris County health departments requesting postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) recommendations for contacts of two nurses (patients A and B) with confirmed hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Both nurses had symptom onset during August 15–19 and worked for the same pediatric home health care agency in another jurisdiction. Because of the proximity of the onset dates, a common source exposure was suspected. The state and local health departments began an investigation to identify potentially exposed patients, their families, and other agency personnel; offer PEP; and identify the source of exposure.

Interviews were conducted with the agency and patients A and B to identify their patients, the dates they visited each patient household, the services provided in the homes, and any other shared exposures. During their incubation and infectious periods (August 1–28), patients A and B cared for a total of 12 children but had only one patient in common (a hepatitis A–vaccinated pediatric transplant recipient), and no other common exposures. Because the two nurses worked shifts of 10–12 hours in patients’ homes using standard precautions, sharing bathrooms, and consuming food and beverages, all residents as well as all other nurses providing care in the homes were considered exposed.

CDC recommends PEP, consisting of a single dose of monovalent hepatitis A (hepA) vaccine or immunoglobulin (IG, 0.02 mL/kg), within 2 weeks of exposure to HAV for previously unvaccinated persons (1). HepA vaccine is preferred for healthy persons aged 12 months–40 years. Two of the 12 exposed children were not fully vaccinated: one was aged <1 year and was given IG, the other had previously received 1 dose of hepA vaccine and was given the 2nd dose. Among a total of 42 potentially exposed home health care nurses, 31 (74%) were not vaccinated against HAV. Two unvaccinated nurses received hepA vaccine for PEP; the remaining unvaccinated agency nurses and household contacts were identified outside the recommended 2-week window for PEP. Patients, their household contacts, and agency nurses were monitored by the agency for symptoms consistent with HAV infection for the duration of the potential incubation period (50 days after their last date of contact with cases). No additional cases were reported.

On September 8, 2015, the Texas Department of State Health Services sent serum specimens from patients A and B and their shared patient to CDC for HAV RNA detection and molecular sequencing. All three specimens had detectable HAV RNA with genetically identical sequences, thus confirming the child as infected with HAV (patient C). Further investigation revealed that a hospital nurse who had previously cared for patient C had also developed symptomatic HAV infection. The care for patient C provided by all three nurses included managing watery stool (e.g., changing diapers and ostomy bags). Thus, the epidemiologic and laboratory analyses provided evidence that all three nurses were infected through exposure to patient C. Further investigation to ascertain how patient C acquired HAV is under way.

Hepatitis A is a highly contagious, self-limiting infection of the liver, spread through the fecal-oral route (2,3). Vaccination with a 2-dose series of hepA vaccine is recommended for children aged 12–23 months. In the United States, coverage with 2 doses of hepA vaccine is the lowest (58%) of all recommended childhood vaccines among children aged 19–35 months (58%) (4). Vaccination for adults aged ≥19 years is recommended only for persons at high risk (2); coverage among adults aged ≥19 years in 2013 was only 9% (3,5). Health care personnel are not considered at high risk for HAV infection because nosocomial hepatitis A infrequently occurs. Transmission to health care personnel usually occurs when the source patient has unrecognized hepatitis and is fecally incontinent or has diarrhea (6,7). Underdiagnosis might be especially prevalent in pediatric patients aged ≤5 years, who typically are asymptomatic (1), or in immunocompromised patients of any age. Altyhough standard precautions are recommended for health care personnel working with diapered or incontinent patients without an infectious etiology for their symptoms, contact precautions are recommended when HAV or another infectious etiology is suspected or confirmed (8).

 Top

Acknowledgments

Huai Lin, Donna Evans, Kayla Boykins, Marilyn Felkner, Neil Pascoe, Bobbiejean Garcia, Texas Department of State Health Services; Alice Hallgren, Fort Bend County Clinical Health Services; Salma Khuwaja, Houston Health Department; Diana Martinez, Sarah Milligan, Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services; Noele Nelson, Division of Viral Hepatitis, CDC.

 Top

---

Corresponding author: Rachel Wiseman, rachel.wiseman@dshs.texas.gov, 512-776-2632.

 Top

1Texas Department of State Health Services; 2Fort Bend County Clinical Health Services, Texas; 3Houston Health Department, Texas; 4Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services, Texas; 5Division of Viral Hepatitis, CDC; 6Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, CDC.

 Top

References

1. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Update: prevention of hepatitis A after exposure to hepatitis A virus and in international travelers. Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:1080–4. PubMed
2. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, editors. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. 13th ed. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation; 2015.http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html
3. Murphy TV, Denniston MM, Hill HA, et al. Progress toward eliminating hepatitis A disease in the United States. In: CDC. Strategies for reducing health disparities—selected CDC-sponsored interventions, United States, 2016. MMWR Suppl 2016;65(No. Suppl 1).
4. Hill HA, Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, Singleton JA, Kolasa M. National, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19–35 months—United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:889–96. CrossRef
5. Williams WW, Lu PJ, O’Halloran A, et al. Vaccination coverage among adults, excluding influenza vaccination—United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:95–102.PubMed
6. Chodick G, Ashkenazi S, Lerman Y. The risk of hepatitis A infection among healthcare workers: a review of reported outbreaks and sero-epidemiologic studies. J Hosp Infect 2006;62:414–20.CrossRef PubMed
7. Bolyard EA, Tablan OC, Williams WW, Pearson ML, Shapiro CN, Deitchmann SD; Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for infection control in healthcare personnel, 1998. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19:407–63. CrossRef PubMed
8. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/2007IP/2007isolationPrecautions.html

 Top

Suggested citation for this article: Wiseman R, Weil LM, Lozano C, et al. Notes from the Field. Health Care–Associated Hepatitis A Outbreak — Texas, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:425–426. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6516a5.