Apophysomyces variabilis Infections in Humans | CDC EID

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Volume 17, Number 1–January 2011
Letter
Apophysomyces variabilis Infections in Humans
Josep Guarro, Jagdish Chander, Eduardo Alvarez, Alberto M. Stchigel, Kaushik Robin, Usha Dalal, Hena Rani, Rajpal S. Punia, and José F. Cano

Author affiliations: Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Virgili, Reus, Spain (J. Guarro, E. Alvarez, A.M. Stchigel, J.F. Cano); and Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India (J. Chandler, K. Robin, U. Dalal, H. Rani, R.S. Puna)

Suggested citation for this article

To the Editor: The fungus Apophysomyces elegans (order Mucorales) is a thermotolerant species that causes severe infections among humans. In contrast to other fungi that cause zygomycosis, which have a worldwide distribution and are rarely found in immunocompetent hosts, A. elegans has been reported mainly in areas with warm climates as an emerging pathogen that causes mostly cutaneous infections after injury to the skin (1). This fungus was discovered in 1979 (2) and until recently was considered the only species in the genus.

A polyphasic study of clinical and environmental strains of A. elegans, including analysis of several genes, showed that the genus contained 4 well-characterized species (3). Of 16 isolates tested in this study, only 2 from soil in India were A. elegans. Most of the isolates were A. variabilis. The incidence of A. variabilis in humans is unknown and difficult to ascertain because most cases had isolates that were not properly preserved. These fungi usually cause necrotizing fasciitis, but rhino-orbito-cerebral or renal infections have also been reported (1). Whether these infections are produced by different Apophysomyces spp., have different responses to antifungal drugs, or have differences in virulence is unknown.

To assess incidence of Apophysomyces spp. in a tertiary hospital (Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India), which usually receives patients with zygomycosis, a retrospective study was conducted during November 2001–April 2009. Nine patients were identified as having primary cutaneous zygomycosis. For 4 patients, fungal isolates were morphologically identified as A. elegans. A description of clinical findings, their management, and outcomes for these 9 patients has been reported (4). The 4 isolates were sent to the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Reus, Spain) for molecular analysis.

Figure (see the original document)

Figure. A) Sporangiophore (center) and sporangiospores of Apophysomyces variabilis fungi. Scale bar = 10 μm...


The internal transcribed spacer region of these isolates was sequenced and compared with those of type strains of Apophysomyces spp. Fungi were identified by morphologic (Figure, panel A) and molecular analysis as A. variabilis (99.6%–99.7% sequence identity with sequence of type strain CBS 658.93 [FN556436]). GenBank accession nos. of the 4 isolates are FN813491, FN813490, FN556442, and FN813492.

Another patient was also infected with A. variabilis fungi. The patient was a 45-year-old woman with diabetes from Derabassi (Punjab), India, who was hospitalized because of swelling in her right breast and blackening of overlying skin. A diagnosis of right breast gangrene was made. Therefore, local debridement of the swelling was conducted, and tissue samples were tested by microbiologic culture and histopathologic analysis.

A KOH wet mount showed broad aseptate hyphae with right-angled branching. The fungal isolate was tentatively identified as A. elegans. Histopathologic analysis confirmed a diagnosis of zygomycosis. The patient was treated under local anesthesia by debridement of infected tissue and some of the healthy surrounding tissue (Figure, panel B). However, an antifungal regimen could not be given because she had disturbed renal function. Her condition deteriorated, septicemia was observed, and she died from sudden cardiac arrest on the sixth day after admission. The fungal isolate was also identified as A. variabilis (98.9% identity, GenBank accession no. FN556443).

Although most cases of infection with A. variabilis fungi have been reported in India (5), infections with this fungus may have a wider distribution. A recent study demonstrated that this species represented 0.5% of fungi of the order Mucorales isolated from clinical samples in the United States (6). Furthermore, a high mortality rate and the fact that most of these infections involve otherwise healthy patients make this a serious infection.

The number of infections with Apophysomyces spp. is underestimated because these fungi do not usually sporulate on standard fungal culture media used in clinical laboratories. These fungi require special nutrient-deficient growth medium (Czapek agar), a high temperature in comparison to other human pathogens (37°C–42°C), and prolonged incubation (7–10 days) (7).

A difference in mortality rate was observed when we compared patients in our study (80%) with those reported by Chakrabarti et al. (5) (28.5%) in India, even though treatment was generally similar, i.e., local débridement and amphotericin B. Other differences in our study were that the infection in 4 patients was preceded by intramuscular injection, and these 2 patients had diabetes mellitus.

In conclusion, A. variabilis is an emerging pathogenic fungus that can cause rapid and fatal infections in humans. As more isolates of Apophysomyces fungi become available, molecular typing studies must be conducted to better understand the epidemiology and distribution of different Apophysomyces spp.

References
1.Meis JF, Chakrabarti A. Changing epidemiology of an emerging infection: zygomycosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(Suppl 5):10–4. PubMed DOI
2.Misra PC, Srivastava KJ, Lata K. Apophysomyces, a new genus of the Mucorales. Mycotaxon. 1979;8:377–82.
3.Alvarez E, Stchigel AM, Cano J, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, Chander J, et al. Molecular phylogenetic diversity of the emerging mucoralean fungus Apophysomyces: proposal of three new species. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2010;27:80–9. PubMed DOI
4.Chander J, Kaur J, Attri A, Mohan H. Primary cutaneous zygomycosis from a tertiary care centre in north-west India. Indian J Med Res. 2010;131:765–70.
5.Chakrabarti A, Ghosh A, Prasad GS, David JK, Gupta S, Das A, et al. Apophysomyces elegans: an emerging zygomycete in India. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:783–8. PubMed DOI
6.Alvarez E, Sutton DA, Cano J, Fothergill AW, Stchigel A, Rinaldi MG, et al. Spectrum of zygomycete species identified in clinically significant specimens in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:1650–6. PubMed DOI
7.Padhye AA, Ajello L. Simple method of inducing sporulation by Apophysomyces elegans and Saksenaea vasiformis. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:1861–3.

Figure
Figure. A) Sporangiophore (center) and sporangiospores of Apophysomyces variabilis fungi. Scale bar = 10 μm...


Suggested Citation for this Article
Guarro J, Chander J, Alvarez E, Stchigel AM, Robin K, Dalal U, et al. Apophysomyces variabilis infections in humans [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2011 Jan [date cited]. http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/17/1/134.htm

DOI: 10.3201/eid1701.101139


Comments to the Authors
Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

José F. Cano, Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere i Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; email: josep.cano@urv.cat

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