Risks of Breast, Ovarian, and Contralateral Breast Cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers.

Kuchenbaecker KB1, Hopper JL2, Barnes DR3, Phillips KA4, Mooij TM5, Roos-Blom MJ6, Jervis S7, van Leeuwen FE5, Milne RL8, Andrieu N9, Goldgar DE10, Terry MB11, Rookus MA5, Easton DF3, Antoniou AC3; and the BRCA1 and BRCA2 Cohort Consortium, McGuffog L3, Evans DG12, Barrowdale D3, Frost D3, Adlard J13, Ong KR14, Izatt L15, Tischkowitz M16, Eeles R17, Davidson R18, Hodgson S19, Ellis S3, Nogues C20, Lasset C21, Stoppa-Lyonnet D22, Fricker JP23, Faivre L24, Berthet P25, Hooning MJ26, van der Kolk LE27, Kets CM28, Adank MA29, John EM30, Chung WK31, Andrulis IL32, Southey M33, Daly MB34, Buys SS35, Osorio A36, Engel C37, Kast K38, Schmutzler RK39, Caldes T40, Jakubowska A41, Simard J42, Friedlander ML43, McLachlan SA44, Machackova E45, Foretova L45, Tan YY46, Singer CF47, Olah E48, Gerdes AM49, Arver B50, Olsson H51.

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Abstract

IMPORTANCE:

The clinical management of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers requires accurate, prospective cancer risk estimates.

OBJECTIVES:

To estimate age-specific risks of breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancer for mutation carriers and to evaluate risk modification by family cancer history and mutation location.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:

Prospective cohort study of 6036 BRCA1 and 3820 BRCA2 female carriers (5046 unaffected and 4810 with breast or ovarian cancer or both at baseline) recruited in 1997-2011 through the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study, the Breast Cancer Family Registry and the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer, with ascertainment through family clinics (94%) and population-based studies (6%). The majority were from large national studies in the United Kingdom (EMBRACE), the Netherlands (HEBON), and France (GENEPSO). Follow-up ended December 2013; median follow-up was 5 years.

EXPOSURES:

BRCA1/2 mutations, family cancer history, and mutation location.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:

Annual incidences, standardized incidence ratios, and cumulative risks of breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancer.

RESULTS:

Among 3886 women (median age, 38 years; interquartile range [IQR], 30-46 years) eligible for the breast cancer analysis, 5066 women (median age, 38 years; IQR, 31-47 years) eligible for the ovarian cancer analysis, and 2213 women (median age, 47 years; IQR, 40-55 years) eligible for the contralateral breast cancer analysis, 426 were diagnosed with breast cancer, 109 with ovarian cancer, and 245 with contralateral breast cancer during follow-up. The cumulative breast cancer risk to age 80 years was 72% (95% CI, 65%-79%) for BRCA1 and 69% (95% CI, 61%-77%) for BRCA2 carriers. Breast cancer incidences increased rapidly in early adulthood until ages 30 to 40 years for BRCA1 and until ages 40 to 50 years for BRCA2 carriers, then remained at a similar, constant incidence (20-30 per 1000 person-years) until age 80 years. The cumulative ovarian cancer risk to age 80 years was 44% (95% CI, 36%-53%) for BRCA1 and 17% (95% CI, 11%-25%) for BRCA2 carriers. For contralateral breast cancer, the cumulative risk 20 years after breast cancer diagnosis was 40% (95% CI, 35%-45%) for BRCA1 and 26% (95% CI, 20%-33%) for BRCA2 carriers (hazard ratio [HR] for comparing BRCA2 vs BRCA1, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.47-0.82; P=.001 for difference). Breast cancer risk increased with increasing number of first- and second-degree relatives diagnosed as having breast cancer for both BRCA1 (HR for ≥2 vs 0 affected relatives, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.41-2.82; P<.001 for trend) and BRCA2 carriers (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.08-3.37; P=.02 for trend). Breast cancer risk was higher if mutations were located outside vs within the regions bounded by positions c.2282-c.4071 in BRCA1 (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.11-1.93; P=.007) and c.2831-c.6401 in BRCA2 (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.36-2.74; P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:

These findings provide estimates of cancer risk based on BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carrier status using prospective data collection and demonstrate the potential importance of family history and mutation location in risk assessment.