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| MMWR Weekly Vol. 65, No. 12 April 01, 2016 |
| PDF of this issue |
Notes from the Field: Baseline Assessment of the Use of Ebola Rapid Diagnostic Tests — Forécariah, Guinea, October–November 2015
Weekly / April 1, 2016 / 65(12);328–329
Jennifer Y. Huang, MPH1; Frantz Jean Louis, MPH2; Meredith G. Dixon, MD3; Marcel Sefu, MPH4; Lon Kightlinger, PhD5; Lise D. Martel, PhD6; Gayatri C. Jayaraman, PhD7; Abdou Salam Gueye, MD8 (View author affiliations)
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The Ebola virus disease (Ebola) epidemic in West Africa began in Guinea in early 2014 (1). The reemergence of Ebola and risk of ongoing, undetected transmission continues because of the potential for sexual transmission and other as yet unknown transmission pathways (2). On March 17, 2016, two new cases of Ebola in Guinea were confirmed by the World Health Organization (3). This reemergence of Ebola in Guinea is the first since the original outbreak in the country was declared over on December 29, 2015. The prefecture of Forécariah, in western Guinea, was considerably affected by Ebola in 2015, with an incidence rate of 159 cases per 100,000 persons (4). Guinea also has a high prevalence of malaria; in a nationwide 2012 survey, malaria prevalence was reported to be 44% among healthy children aged ≤5 years (5). Malaria is an important reason for seeking health care (6); during 2014, 34% of outpatient consultations were related to malaria (7).
Malaria and Ebola share similar presenting symptoms, including fever, chills, body aches, nausea, and vomiting (1). Rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) for malaria and monitoring of febrile illnesses are currently recommended as part of the National Malaria Programme in Forécariah (7). In October 2015, in response to a surge of Ebola cases in cases in Forécariah, rapid diagnostic testing for Ebola (RDT-Ebola) was implemented by the National Ebola Coordination Cell to enhance surveillance efforts to detect new Ebola cases and ensure that Ebola cases are not clinically misdiagnosed as malaria. The RDT-Ebola used the OraQuick Ebola Rapid Antigen test, which for whole blood, has a manufacturer-reported sensitivity of 84% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 63.92–95.46) and a specificity of 98.0% (95% CI = 89.35–99.95) (http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/Safety/EmergencySituations/UCM456912.pdf).
The Ebola and malaria RDTs have similar testing and sample collection procedures, which made the implementation plan straightforward and feasible. The CDC-Guinea RDT-Ebola testing protocol dictated that both RDT-Malaria and RDT-Ebola be conducted simultaneously for each patient with febrile illness who did not have an epidemiologic link to a patient with Ebola; patients with potential exposure to Ebola were sent to Ebola treatment centers (8). Because patients with known risk factors for Ebola were not tested with the RDT-Ebola tests, the same infection prevention control precautions as for malaria (i.e., use of gloves and gowns) were recommended.
To evaluate implementation of RDT-Ebola in Forécariah, 10 health centers (one in each of the 10 Forécariah subprefectures), two large hospitals within the prefecture, and three health posts located near the Sierra Leone border were selected as sentinel sites. Initial visits were conducted 1 month after the distribution of the RDT-Ebola test kits; by November 23, 2015, 13 of the 15 sentinel sites had been visited. Clinic registries were reviewed to establish a baseline for seven variables of interest, including the number of consultations for fever (reported and measured), the number of RDT-Malaria tests used, and the number of RDT-Ebola tests used (Table), and to collect information about lessons learned from this first large-scale RDT-Ebola implementation.
During October 1–November 23, 2015, at the 13 sentinel sites, among a total of 2,115 consultations 1,544 (73%) were for evaluation of febrile illness (subjective fever reported by patients and measured [≥100.4°F (≥38°C)] by a health care worker). Among these 1,544 consultations, a total of 1,553 RDT-malaria tests were reported to have been conducted (101% of patients tested) and 1,000 RDT-Ebola tests were conducted (65% of patients tested). Overall, 1,112 (72%) persons tested positive for malaria by RDT (range of percentage of positive malaria tests among 13 sentinel sites = 52.3%–85.7%); none tested positive for Ebola by RDT-Ebola. The ratio of RDT-Ebola to RDT-Malaria tests used was 0.64 overall and ranged from 0.27 to 1.00 (Table). Reported barriers to RDT-Ebola use included inadequate stock of RDT-Ebola kits, lack of understanding of the CDC RDT-Ebola testing protocol, and patient refusal of RDT-Ebola testing, which might have contributed to the differences in the numbers of malaria and Ebola tests conducted.
Ongoing data collection from the sentinel sites can help to monitor the success of RDT-Ebola implementation, inform supply chain management, and identify and address barriers to RDT-Ebola use. RDT-Ebola implementation at the sentinel sites can also aid in screening for undetected Ebola cases to prevent establishment of new transmission chains.
Acknowledgments
L. Kerouane Camara, Forécariah Department of Public Health; A. Batchily Forécariah Ebola Response Coordinator from National Ebola Coordination Cell; D.A. Mouctar, World Health Organization Field Coordinator, Forécariah.
Corresponding author: Jennifer Y. Huang, Jhuang3@cdc.gov, 404-639-3955.
1Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC; 2Division of Global HIV and TB, Haiti, Center for Global Health, CDC; 3Division of Global Health Protection, WIDB-FETP, Center for Global Health, CDC; 4Division of Global Health Protection, FETP-Democratic Republic of Congo, Center for Global Health, CDC; 5South Dakota Department of Health, 6Division of Global Health Protection, Guinea Office, Center for Global Health, CDC; 7Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, World Health Organization; 8Division of Global HIV and TB, Côte d’Ivoire, Center for Global Health, CDC.
References
- Dixon MG, Schafer IJ. Ebola viral disease outbreak—West Africa, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:548–51. PubMed
- World Health Organization. Ebola situation report—16 December 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015. http://apps.who.int/ebola/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-16-december-2015
- World Health Organization. Hundreds of contacts identified and monitored in new Ebola flare-up in Guinea. Update from the field: 22 March 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016. http://apps.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/guinea-flareup-update/en/index.html
- World Health Organization. Ebola data and statistics. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.ebola-sitrep.ebola-summary-20160316?lang=en
- Institut National de la Statistique Ministère du Plan. Conakry, Guinée. Enquête démographique et de santé et à indicateurs multiples (EDS-MICS) 2012. Calverton, MD: MEASURE DHS, ICF International; 2013. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR280/FR280.pdf
- Plucinski MM, Guilavogui T, Sidikiba S, et al. Effect of the Ebola-virus-disease epidemic on malaria case management in Guinea, 2014: a cross-sectional survey of health facilities. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15:1017–23. CrossRef PubMed
- US Agency for International Development. Department of Health and Human Services; CDC; US Department of State. President’s malaria initiative: Guinea. Malaria operational plan FY 2014. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development; 2014. http://www.pmi.gov/docs/default-source/default-document-library/malaria-operational-plans/fy14/guinea_mop_fy14.pdf?sfvrsn=10
- Médecins Sans Frontières. Filovirus haemorrhagic fever guideline . Barcelona, Spain: Médecins Sans Frontières; 2008.
TABLE. Implementation of RDT-Ebola program in 13 sentinel sites — Forécariah, Guinea, October 1–November 23, 2015
| Sentinel site | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | Total |
| Consultations (no.) | 89 | 41 | 327 | 138 | 206 | 507 | 25 | 140 | 274 | 100 | 88 | 67 | 113 | 2,115 |
| Recorded fevers (no.) | 68 | 21 | 276 | 88 | 169 | 426 | 18 | 30 | 148 | 76 | 65 | 60 | 99 | 1,544 |
| Fevers >100.4°F (>38°C) (no.) | 6 | 21 | 36 | 9 | 26 | 44 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 16 | 5 | 18 | 3 | 207 |
| RDT-Ebola used (no.) | 36 | 24 | 262 | 69 | 96 | 116 | 15 | 28 | 113 | 76 | 36 | 44 | 85 | 1,000 |
| RDT-Malaria used (no.) | 71 | 31 | 262 | 87 | 177 | 437 | 21 | 29 | 133 | 80 | 61 | 66 | 98 | 1,553 |
| RDT-Malaria positive (no.) | 51 | 25 | 137 | 66 | 131 | 334 | 18 | 17 | 105 | 62 | 45 | 38 | 83 | 1,112 |
| Ratio of RDT-Ebola used to RDT-Malaria used | 0.51 | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.54 | 0.27 | 0.71 | 0.97 | 0.85 | 0.95 | 0.59 | 0.67 | 0.87 | 0.64 |
| Consultations with recorded fever (%) | 76.4 | 51.2 | 84.4 | 63.8 | 82.0 | 84.0 | 72.0 | 21.4 | 54.0 | 76.0 | 73.9 | 89.6 | 87.6 | 73.0 |
| Positivity of malaria (%) | 71.8 | 80.6 | 52.3 | 75.9 | 74.0 | 76.4 | 85.7 | 58.6 | 78.9 | 77.5 | 73.8 | 57.6 | 84.7 | 71.6 |
Abbreviations: RDT-Ebola = rapid diagnostic testing for Ebola; RDT-Malaria = rapid diagnostic testing for malaria.
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