High Levels of Cancer-Linked Chemical in E-Cigarette Vapor, Study Finds

When users turn up the heat, formaldehyde levels may increase as well

Wednesday, January 21, 2015

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WEDNESDAY, Jan. 21, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- E-cigarette vapor can contain cancer-causing formaldehyde at levels up to 15 times higher than regular cigarettes, a new study finds.

Researchers found that e-cigarettes operated at high voltages produce vapor with large amounts of formaldehyde-containing chemical compounds.

This could pose a risk to users who increase the voltage on their e-cigarette to increase the delivery of vaporized nicotine, said study co-author James Pankow, a professor of chemistry and civil and environmental engineering at Portland State University in Oregon.

"We've found there is a hidden form of formaldehyde in e-cigarette vapor that has not typically been measured. It's a chemical that contains formaldehyde in it, and that formaldehyde can be released after inhalation," Pankow said. "People shouldn't assume these e-cigarettes are completely safe."

The findings appear in a letter published Jan. 22 in the New England Journal of Medicine.

Health experts have long known that formaldehyde and other toxic chemicals are present in cigarette smoke. Initially, e-cigarettes were hoped to be without such dangers because they lack fire to cause combustion and release toxic chemicals, a Portland State news release said.

But newer versions of e-cigarettes can operate at very high temperatures, and that heat dramatically amps up the creation of formaldehyde-containing compounds, the study found.

"The new adjustable 'tank system' e-cigarettes allow users to really turn up the heat and deliver high amounts of vapor, or e-cigarette smoke," lead researcher David Peyton, a Portland State chemistry professor, said in the news release. Users open up the devices, put their own fluid in and adjust the operating temperature as they like, allowing them to greatly alter the vapor generated by the e-cigarette.

When used at low voltage, e-cigarettes did not create any formaldehyde-releasing agents, the researchers found.

However, high-voltage use released enough formaldehyde-containing compounds to increase a person's lifetime risk of cancer five to 15 times higher than the risk caused by long-term smoking, the study said.

Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen, according to the U.S. National Cancer Institute. It is a colorless, strong-smelling gas, commonly used in glues for products such as particle board, and in mortuaries as an embalming fluid.

The American Vaping Association, an industry group advocating for e-cigarette makers, argued that the new study was flawed because e-cigarette users wouldn't operate their devices at such high voltage.

"When the vapor device was used at the realistic setting of 3.7 volts, levels of formaldehyde were similar to the trace levels that are released from an FDA-approved [smoking-cessation] inhaler," association President Gregory Conley said. "However, when the researchers increased the voltage to 5 volts and continued to have their machine take three- to four-second puffs, this caused extreme overheating and the production of formaldehyde."

This is known "in vapor product science as the 'dry puff phenomenon,' " Conley said. "Contrary to the authors' mistaken belief, these are not settings that real-life vapers actually use, as dry puffs are harsh and unpleasant. In the real world, vapers avoid dry puffs by lowering the length of their puff as they increase voltage."

Noting that e-cigarettes remain unregulated, a representative with the American Cancer Society said these findings highlight the need for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration oversight.

"This study shows how little we know about toxic exposures that can result from using any one of the many different available types of e-cigarettes at different heating levels," said Eric Jacobs, the cancer society's strategic director of pharmacoepidemiology.

In April 2014, the FDA proposed federal restrictions that would bring e-cigarettes under the same regulation as tobacco. The proposed federal restrictions are still under review and no schedule has been set for adoption.

"Until these things are monitored and regulated, there's a real potential risk for unexpected exposure to toxic chemicals," Jacobs said. "We really don't know what kind of exposure the users might get when using any particular product at any particular heating level."

SOURCES: James Pankow, Ph.D., professor, chemistry and civil and environmental engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Ore.; Gregory Conley, J.D., M.B.A., president, American Vaping Association; Eric Jacobs, Ph.D., strategic director of pharmacoepidemiology, American Cancer Society; Jan. 22, 2015, New England Journal of Medicine

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