The European challenges of funding orphan medicinal products

Márta SzegediEmail author,
Tamás Zelei,
Francis Arickx,
Anna Bucsics,
Emanuelle Cohn-Zanchetta,
Jurij Fürst,
Maria Kamusheva,
Pawel Kawalec,
Guenka Petrova,
Juraj Slaby,
Ewa Stawowczyk,
Milan Vocelka,
Ingrid Zechmeister-Koss,
Zoltán Kaló and
Mária Judit Molnár

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases201813:184

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-018-0927-y

Received: 28 April 2018
Accepted: 4 October 2018
Published: 6 November 2018

Abstract

Background

Funding of orphan medicinal products (OMPs) is an increasing challenge in the European Union (EU).

Objectives

To identify the different methods for public funding of OMPs in order to map the availability for rare disease patients, as well as to compare the public expenditures on OMPs in 8 EU member states.

Methods

Information on the reimbursement status of 83 OMPs was collected in 8 countries by distinguishing standard and special reimbursements. In two consecutive years, the total public expenditures on OMPs were calculated by using annual EUR exchange rates. Annual total public expenditures were calculated per capita, and as a proportion of GDP, total public pharmaceutical and healthcare budgets. Differences between countries were compared by calculating the deviations from the average spending of countries.

Results

In 2015 29.4–92.8% of the 83 OMPs were available with any kind of public reimbursement in participant countries including special reimbursement on an individual basis. In Austria, Belgium and France more OMPs were accessible for patients with public reimbursement than in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. Standard reimbursement through retail pharmacies and/or hospitals was applied from 0 to 41% of OMPs. The average annual total public expenditure ranged between 1.4–23.5 €/capita in 2013 and 2014. Higher income countries spent more OMPs in absolute terms. Participant countries spent 0.018–0.066% of their GDPs on funding OMPs. Average expenditures on OMPs were ranged between 2.25–6.51% of the public pharmaceutical budget, and 0.44–0.96% of public healthcare expenditures.

Conclusions

Standard and special reimbursement techniques play different roles in participant countries. The number of accessible OMPs indicated an equity gap between Eastern and Western Europe. The spending on OMPs as a proportion of GDP, public pharmaceutical and healthcare expenditure was not higher in lower income countries, which indicates substantial differences in patient access to OMPs in favour of higher-income countries. Equity in access for patients with rare diseases is an important policy objective in each member state of the EU; however, equity in access should be harmonized at the European level.