CIENCIASMEDICASNEWS: NCI Drug Dictionary - National Cancer Institute

NCI Drug Dictionary - National Cancer Institute

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COPP-ABV regimen: A regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone and procarbazine (COPP) alternating with doxorubicin, bleomycin and vinblastine (ABV), used in combination with radiation therapy for the treatment of low-risk, childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper chloride formulation: A formulation containing the compound copper chloride (CuCl2), that can potentially be used to enhance Cu levels in cancer cells in order to elevate the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents that are dependent on Cu for their activity. Upon intravenous administration of CuCl2, the mineral Cu is selectively taken up by and accumulates in cancer cells. In the presence of certain chemotherapeutic agents whose mechanism of action (MoA) is dependent on Cu, this formulation may enhance their cytotoxic activity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent.
copper Cu 62 ethylglyoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone): A radiopharmaceutical composed of the nonspecific perfusion agent ethylglyoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone) (ETS) linked to the beta-emitting, radioisotope copper Cu 62, with potential tumor imaging activity upon positron emitting tomography (PET). Upon injection, copper Cu 62-ETS distributes to various organs, especially the kidneys and the myocardium. Upon PET imaging, tumor blood flow can be visualized and the efficacy of antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic chemotherapeutics can be assessed. Cu62-ETS has a short half life of 9.74 minutes. ETS has an enhanced hyperemic response compared to other perfusion agents. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 62-ATSM: A radioconjugate consisting of a lipophilic, neutral, bioreductive copper-bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex, copper-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM), labeled with the beta-emitting radioisotope copper Cu 62, with hypoxia-selective and positron emitting tomography (PET) radioimaging activities. With a high membrane permeability and low reduction potential, copper Cu 62-ATSM easily enters cells. This agent can only be reduced by mitochondria found in hypoxic cells with abnormally high electron concentrations. This chemical reaction traps Cu 62-ATSM in the cell, which allows for the selective accumulation of this agent in hypoxic cells compared to normoxic cells. The extent of copper Cu 62-ATSM retention in tissue is inversely related to the state of tissue oxygenation allowing the quantitation of tissue hypoxia with PET. This provides information about diagnosis, prognosis, treatment options and outcomes for certain cancers. The short half-life of copper Cu 62 (9.7 minutes) reduces the amount of radiation a patient is subjected to and allows for several imaging studies to be performed. Hypoxic tumors are associated with increased malignancy and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 62-PTSM: A radioconjugate consisting of a lipophilic, bioreductive copper(II)bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex, copper-pyruvaldehyde-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-PTSM), linked to the beta-emitting, radioisotope copper Cu 62, with potential perfusion and positron emitting tomography (PET) tumor imaging activities. Upon injection, the distribution of copper Cu 62-PTSM correlates with blood flow. This agent’s high membrane permeability allows for rapid diffusion into cells. Once it enters the cell, 62Cu-PTSM is then reduced by the mitochondria, which prevents diffusion of the agent out of the cell. Upon PET imaging, tumor blood flow can be visualized and tumor perfusion can be assessed. Compared with other copper radionuclides, the short half-life of copper Cu 62 (9.7 minutes) reduces the amount of radiation a patient is subjected to and allows for several imaging studies to be performed. PTSM lacks selectivity for hypoxic cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 64 anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A: A radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human carcinoembryonic antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEA or CEACAM5), which is conjugated with the radioisotope copper Cu 64 via the chelator tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA), with potential use as an imaging agent during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the antibody moiety of copper Cu 64 anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A specifically binds to cells expressing CEA. Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety can be detected using PET, thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of CEA-expressing tumor cells. CEA, a tumor associated antigen and a member of the CEA family of proteins, plays a key role in cell migration, cell invasion, and cell adhesion and is overexpressed by a variety of cancer types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 64 plerixafor: A radioconjugate labeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope, copper Cu 64, and also composed of plerixafor, a bicyclam and hematopoietic stem cell-mobilizing agent that targets the chemokine receptor CXCR4, with tumor imaging potential using positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). Upon administration, the plerixafor moiety blocks the binding of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha or CXCL12) to the cellular receptor CXCR4. In turn, the CXCR4-expressing tumor cells can be visualized using PET/CT and the resulting images could be used to predict a tumor's response to certain treatments. The expression of CXCR4 on cancer cells has been correlated with increased tumor cell survival, tumor progression, and increased metastatic potential. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 64 TP3805: A peptide analog of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) radiolabeled with the positron-emitting radioisotope copper Cu 64, with potential diagnostic ability upon positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The peptide moiety of copper Cu 64 TP3805 is able to bind to vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide receptors 1 (VPAC1). Upon PET imaging, the cancer cells expressing VPAC1 can be visualized and this may allow for early detection. The oncogenic product VPAC1 is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, moreover, it is overexpressed in 100% of breast tumors at the onset of the cancer. Compared to other positron-emitting radioisotopes, Cu 64 has a longer half life. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 64 trastuzumab: A diagnostic radioimmunoconjugate comprised of the recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab conjugated with the positron-emitting radioisotope copper Cu 64. Copper Cu 64 trastuzumab binds to the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), allowing the detection of HER2 distribution using positron emission tomography (PET). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 64-ATSM: A radioconjugate consisting of a lipophilic copper(II)bis(thiosemicarbazone) labeled with the positron- and beta-emitting isotope (64)Cu with hypoxia-selective and antineoplastic activities. With a high membrane permeability and redox potential, copper Cu 64-ATSM is preferentially taken up by hypoxic cells compared to normoxic cells; the extent of retention in tissue is inversely related to the state of tissue oxygenation allowing the quantitation of tissue hypoxia by positron emission tomography (PET). In addition, the radioactive copper moiety of this agent may deliver a selective cytotoxic dose of beta radiation to hypoxic tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 64-DOTA B-Fab: A radioimmunoconjugate containing a bivalent monospecific tandem immunoglobulin fragment (B-Fab) derived from the humanized monoclonal antibody DS6 targeting the tumor-associated mucin-1 (MUC1)-sialoglycotope CA6 conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with the radioisotope copper Cu 64 with potential use as an imaging agent for CA6-expressing tumors using positron emission tomography (PET). The B-Fab moiety of copper Cu 64-DOTA B-Fab binds, with high affinity, to the cell surface antigen CA6. Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using PET, thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of CA6-expressing tumor cells. This tracer could be used to select patients who could benefit from and to monitor efficacy of CA6-targeted anti-cancer therapies. Compared to DS6, the antibody fragment allows for increased tumor penetration, faster blood clearance, and more rapid renal elimination. The CA6 epitope is found on a variety of solid tumors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 64-DOTA-AE105: A radiotracer composed of AE105, a urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) peptide antagonist, conjugated with DOTA and labeled with the radionuclide copper Cu 64, with potential imaging activity upon positron emission tomography (PET). Upon administration, the AE105 moiety of copper Cu 64-DOTA-AE105 targets and binds to uPAR-expressing tumor cells. Upon PET imaging, the copper Cu 64 moiety can be visualized, uPAR-expressing tumor cells can be quantified and the degree of tumor aggressiveness can be assessed. uPAR expression is correlated with increased tumor invasiveness and aggressiveness as well as a poor prognosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 64-DOTA-anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody U3-1287: A radioimmunoconjugate of the fully human monoclonal antibody against the third member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER3 or ERBB3, conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with radioisotope copper Cu 64, with potential diagnostic properties upon positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of copper Cu 64-DOTA-anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody U3-1287 binds to and blocks the activation of HER3, thereby resulting in the inhibition of EGFR-dependent PI3K/AKT signaling and the subsequent inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation. The Cu 64 moiety may be detected using positron emission tomography (PET), thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of HER3-expressing tumor cells. HER3, which lacks the kinase domain conveying ligand-binding signaling by forming heterodimers with other EGFR members that have kinase activity, is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper Cu 64-DOTA-rituximab: A radioimmunoconjugate containing rituximab, a recombinant chimeric murine/human antibody directed against the human CD20 antigen, conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with the radioisotope copper Cu 64 with potential diagnostic properties upon positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The monoclonal antibody moiety of copper Cu 64-DOTA-Rituximab specifically binds to cell surface antigen CD20. Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using PET, thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of CD20-expressing tumor cells. CD20 is a non-glycosylated phosphoprotein that is exclusively expressed on B cells during most stages of B cell development and is often overexpressed in B-cell malignancies. Check for active clinical trials using this agent.
copper Cu 64-DOTA-trastuzumab: A radioimmunoconjugate containing the recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab conjugated with the bifunctional, macrocyclic chelating agent tetra-azacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with the radioisotope copper Cu 64 with radioisotopic activity and potential use as an imaging agent. The trastuzumab moiety of copper Cu 64-DOTA-trastuzumab binds with high affinity to the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Upon binding, the radioisotope moiety may be detected using positron emission tomography (PET), thereby allowing the imaging and quantification of HER2-expressing tumor cells. HER2, a tyrosine kinase and client protein of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper gluconate: The orally bioavailable copper salt of D-gluconic acid. In addition to its roles as an enzyme cofactor for cytochrome C oxidase and superoxide dismutase, copper forms complexes with the thiocarbamate disulfiram (DSF) forming DSF-copper complexes, which enhances the DSF-mediated inhibition of the 26S proteasome; proteasome inhibition may result in inhibition of cellular protein degradation, cessation of cell cycle progression, inhibition of cellular proliferation, and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
copper supplement: An element with atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Co-Rax: (Other name for: warfarin)
Cordarone: (Other name for: amiodarone hydrochloride)
cordycepin: A purine nucleoside antimetabolite and antibiotic isolated from the fungus Cordyceps militaris with potential antineoplastic activity. Cordycepin is an adenosine analogue, which is readily phosphorylated to its mono-, di-, and triphosphate intracellularly. Triphosphate cordycepin can be incorporated into RNA, and inhibits transcription elongation and RNA synthesis due to the absence of a hydroxyl moiety at the 3' position. Because it can be converted to an inactive metabolite by adenosine deaminase, this agent must be administered with an adenosine deaminase inhibitor in order to be effective. Cordycepin has displayed cytotoxicity against some leukemic cell lines in vitro. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Coreg: (Other name for: carvedilol)
Coreg CR: (Other name for: carvedilol phosphate extended-release capsule)
Corgard: (Other name for: nadolol)
Coriolus versicolor extract: An extract derived from the mushroom Coriolus versicolor, containing polysaccharide K (PSK) and polysaccharide-peptide (PSP), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Coriolus versicolor extract has been shown to stimulate the production of lymphocytes and cytokines, such as interferons and interleukins, and may exhibit antioxidant activities. However, the precise mechanism of action(s) of this agent is unknown. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cortalone: (Other name for: prednisolone)
Cort-Dome: (Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)
Cortef: (Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)
Cortenema: (Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)
corticorelin acetate: A synthetic therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous human corticotropin-releasing factor (hCRF). Synthesized in the hypothalamus, hCRF stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In cerebral edema, hCRF acts by impeding the flow of fluid from blood vessels into brain tissue, thereby decreasing edema and stabilizing intracranial pressure. This agent possesses anti-edema properties independent of adrenal gland function. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
corticotropin-releasing hormone: A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cortispray: (Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)
Cortril: (Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)
Corynebacterium granulosum P40: An insoluble fraction isolated from the bacterium Corynebacterium granulosum with potential cancer immunotherapeutic activity. As a non-specific immunostimulant, Corynebacterium granulosum P40 activates the reticulo-endothelial system; induces the production of certain cytokines; enhances macrophage activity; and potentiates a delayed-type hypersensitivity response when co-administered with an antigen. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cosmegen: (Other name for: dactinomycin)
Cotara: (Other name for: iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody TNT-1/B)
Cotellic: (Other name for: cobimetinib)
Cotrim: (Other name for: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
Coumadin: (Other name for: warfarin)
coumarin: O hydroxycinnamic acid. Pleasant smelling compound found in many plants and released on wilting. Has anticoagulant activity by competing with Vitamin K. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
coxsackievirus A21: A naturally occurring enterovirus with potential antitumor activity. Upon intratumoral administration, coxsackievirus A21 targets and binds to intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and decay acceleration factor (DAF), both cell surface molecules that are both overexpressed on certain malignant cells. After entering the cells, coxsackievirus A21 replicates in these cancer cells, thereby causing cancer cell lysis. This results in a reduction of tumor cell growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cozaar: (Other name for: losartan potassium)
CP-724,714: An orally bioavailable quinazoline with potential antineoplastic activity. CP-724,714 selectively binds to the intracellular domain of HER2, reversibly inhibiting its tyrosine kinase activity and resulting in suppression of tumor cell growth. HER2, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is overexpressed in many adenocarcinomas, particularly breast cancers. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide: A synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide, containing unmethylated CpG motifs derived from bacterial DNA, with immunostimulatory activities. A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) binds to and activates a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and is taken up into cells by endocytosis; once internalized, it may activate numerous signaling transduction pathways resulting in the release of multiple cytokines. Through activation of TLR9, a CpG ODN can directly stimulate B-lymphocytes, dendritic and NK cells, resulting in an increase in innate immunity and antibody-dependant cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Additionally, a CpG ODN can indirectly modulate T-cell responses, through the release of cytokines (IL-12 and IFN gamma), to induce a preferential shift to the Th1 (helper) phenotype resulting in enhanced CD8+ cellular cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide GNKG168: A synthetic, 21-mer, unmethylated CpG motif-based oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), with immunostimulatory activity. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide GNKG168 binds to and activates Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and is taken up into cells by endocytosis; once internalized, it may activate numerous signaling transduction pathways resulting in the release of multiple cytokines, such as immunoglobulins (Igs), interferons (IFNs), interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Through activation of TLR9, this ODN can directly stimulate B-lymphocytes, dendritic and natural killer (NK) cells, resulting in an increase in innate immunity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In addition, through the release of IL-12 and IFN, this agent may induce a preferential shift to the T-helper 1(Th1) phenotype resulting in enhanced CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CR2-fH fusion protein TT30: A recombinant, chimeric human fusion protein consisting of the iC3b/C3d-binding region of human complement receptor type 2 (CR2/CD21) linked to the alternative complement pathway (ACP) inhibitory domain of human factor H (fH) (CR2-fH), with potential complement system inhibiting activity. Via its C3 binding domain, TT30 selectively binds to complement-activated cell surfaces and via its fH binding domain regulates ACP activity. This suppresses excessive complement activity and may result in an inhibition of ACP-mediated hemolysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) red blood cells (RBCs) as well as preventing ACP-induced tissue damage. Factor H is a key regulator in the activation of ACP. Check for active clinical trials using this agent.
creatine monohydrate: The monohydrate form of creatine similar or identical to endogenous creatine produced in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Creatine, in phosphate form, helps supply energy to muscle cells for contraction. After intense effort, when ATP deposits are depleted, creatine phosphate donates phosphate groups toward the fast synthesis of ATP. Dietary supplementation with creatine may improve muscle wasting associated with cancer and other chronic diseases. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
crenolanib: An orally bioavailable small molecule, targeting the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Crenolanib binds to and inhibits PDGFR, which may result in the inhibition of PDGFR-related signal transduction pathways, and, so, the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. PDGFR, up-regulated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to cell migration and the development of the microvasculature. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
crenolanib besylate: The besylate salt form of crenolanib, an orally bioavailable benzimidazole targeting the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) subtypes alpha and beta and FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, crenolanib binds to and inhibits both wild-type and mutated forms of PDGFR and Flt3, which may result in the inhibition of PDGFR- and Flt3-related signal transduction pathways. This results in inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation in PDGFR and/or Flt3 overexpressing tumor cells. PDGFR and Flt3, class III receptor tyrosine kinases, are upregulated or mutated in many tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Creon: (Other name for: pancrelipase)
Crestor: (Other name for: rosuvastatin calcium)
cridanimod sodium: The sodium salt form of cridanimod, a small molecule that can increase progesterone receptor (PR) expression, with potential antineoplastic adjuvant activity. Upon intramuscular administration, cridanimod is able to induce the expression of PR in endometrial cancer. This could increase the sensitivity of endometrial cancer cells to progestin monotherapy. In combination with a progestin, cancer cells could be eradicated through increased PR-mediated signaling, leading to an inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary gland, via a negative feedback mechanism, and, eventually, an inhibition of estrogen release from the ovaries. This leads to an inhibition of cellular growth in estrogen-dependent tumor cells. In addition, this agent is able to increase the production and release of interferon (IFN) alpha and beta. PR is often downregulated in endometrial cancer and makes it resistant to progestin-mediated hormone therapy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cristanaspase: (Other name for: asparaginase)
Crixivan: (Other name for: indinavir sulfate)
crizanlizumab: A humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 anti-P-selectin antibody with vaso-protective and anti-vaso-occlusive properties. Upon administration, crizanlizumab binds to P-selectin and blocks its interaction with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1; SELPLG) on neutrophils and monocytes. P-selectin, a glycoprotein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule (CAM), translocates to the surface of activated endothelial cells and platelets, upon stimulation, where it binds to its ligand and mediates the rolling of platelets and neutrophils on activated endothelial cells. Therefore, blockade of p-selectin may inhibit platelet aggregation, maintain blood flow and minimize sickle cell-related pain crises (SCPC). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
crizotinib: An orally available aminopyridine-based inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and the c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) with antineoplastic activity. Crizotinib, in an ATP-competitive manner, binds to and inhibits ALK kinase and ALK fusion proteins. In addition, crizotinib inhibits c-Met kinase, and disrupts the c-Met signaling pathway. Altogether, this agent inhibits tumor cell growth. ALK belongs to the insulin receptor superfamily and plays an important role in nervous system development. ALK dysregulation and gene rearrangements are associated with a series of tumors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CRL4(CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase modulator CC-220: A modulator of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing cereblon (CRL4-CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase), with immunomodulating and pro-apoptotic activities. Upon administration CC-220 specifically binds to the cereblon (CRBN) part of the ligase complex, thereby affecting the ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, and targeting certain substrate proteins for ubiquitination. This induces the proteasome-mediated degradation of certain transcription factors, including Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3) which are transcriptional repressors in T cells. This leads to a reduction of their protein levels, and the modulation of the immune system, including activation of T lymphocytes. In addition, this leads to a downregulation of other proteins, including interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), which plays a key role in the proliferation of certain cancer cell types. CRBN, the substrate recognition component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, plays a key role in the ubiquitination of certain proteins. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
crofelemer: An oligomeric proanthocyanidin extracted from the latex produced by the tree Croton lechleri (Euphorbiaceae), with antidiarrheal, and potential antiviral and antimicrobial activities. Upon oral administration, crofelemer acts locally within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by inhibiting both the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride ion (Cl-) channel and the calcium-activated Cl- channel (CaCC) expressed on the luminal surface of enterocytes. This inhibits the secretion of chloride ions into the intestinal lumen and prevents high volume water loss. By normalizing Cl- and water balance in the intestines, crofelemer relieves secretory diarrhea. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
crolibulin: A small molecule tubulin polymerization inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Crolibulin binds to the colchicine-binding site on beta-tubulin and inhibits the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules, which may result in cell cycle arrest, the induction of apoptosis, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. As a vascular disruption agent (VDA), this agent also disrupts tumor neovascularization, which may result in a reduction in tumor blood flow and tumor hypoxia and ischemic necrosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cromolyn sodium inhalant PA101: A solution containing a high concentration of cromolyn sodium, with potential mast cell stabilizing, anti-tussive and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon inhalation of PA101 via a nebulizer, cromolyn blocks calcium ion influx into mast cells, thereby preventing the degranulation of mast cells in the lungs. This blocks the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from mast cells, such as histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), and prevents both bronchoconstriction and an inflammatory response. In indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM), PA101 may be able to reduce the symptoms associated with this disease. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
crotoxin: A specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake). It can be separated into a phospholipase A and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
crystalline genistein formulation AXP107-11: An orally available crystalline formulation of genistein, a soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with potential antineoplastic, chemosensitizing, and antioxidant activities. Similar to genistein, crystalline genistein formulation AXP107-11 increases expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), which deactivates protein kinase Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK1 and 3; ERK2 and 1), thereby disrupting PI3K/Akt signal transduction and inducing apoptosis. This agent also induces antioxidant enzymes through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, inhibits NF-kB activation and decreases inflammation response, thereby sensitizing tumors to chemotherapy. Compared to genistein itself, this crystalline formulation shows improved solubility and bioavailability. Check for active clinical trials using this agent.
CSF-1R inhibitor BLZ945: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R; CSF1R), with potential antineoplastic activity. CSF1R inhibitor BLZ945 selectively binds to CSF1R expressed on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), blocks the activity of CSF1R, and inhibits CSF1R-mediated signal transduction pathways. This inhibits the activity and proliferation of TAMs, and reprograms the immunosuppressive nature of existing TAMs. Altogether, this reduces TAM-mediated immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment, re-activates the immune system, and improves anti-tumor cell responses mediated by T-cells. CSF1R, also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) and CD115 (cluster of differentiation 115), is a cell-surface receptor for its ligand, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1); this receptor is overexpressed by TAMs in the tumor microenvironment, and plays a major role in both immune suppression and the induction of tumor cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CTP-37-DT vaccine: A vaccine composed of synthetic peptides derived from beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) conjugated to diphtheria toxoid. Vaccination with this peptide may elicit the host immune response against hCG-producing cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cubicin: (Other name for: daptomycin)
Culturelle: (Other name for: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG)
Cuprenil: (Other name for: penicillamine)
Cuprimine: (Other name for: penicillamine)
curcumin: A phytopolylphenol pigment isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, with a variety of pharmacologic properties. Curcumin blocks the formation of reactive-oxygen species, possesses anti-inflammatory properties as a result of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) and other enzymes involved in inflammation; and disrupts cell signal transduction by various mechanisms including inhibition of protein kinase C. These effects may play a role in the agent's observed antineoplastic properties, which include inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and suppression of chemically induced carcinogenesis and tumor growth in animal models of cancer. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
curcumin/green tea extract/Polygonum cuspidatum extract/soybean extract capsule: An oral capsule containing curcumin, green tea extract, Polygonum cuspidatum extract, and soybean extract, with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. The antioxidants in curcumin/green tea extract/Polygonum cuspidatum extract/soybean extract capsule bind to and neutraliize free-radicals, which may prevent their genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
curcumin-based gel: A proprietary topical gel formulation containing an extract of curcumin, the polyphenol derived from the plant Curcuma longa, with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound healing activities. Upon topical administration to the affected areas, curcumin inhibits a variety of pro-inflammatory enzymes and reduces the production of certain pro-inflammatory mediators. Curcumin also blocks the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), neutralizes free radicals and prevents oxidative stress and DNA damage. In addition, curcumin inhibits phosphorylase kinase (PhK) in the skin, which prevents multiple PhK-mediated signal transduction pathways that are induced upon skin injury. This further prevents inflammation, promotes healing and reduces scar tissue formation. The proprietary curcumin-based gel also provides moisture to the skin and contains tetrahydropiperine (THP), which is derived from black pepper fruit and increases skin uptake of curcumin. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Curretab: (Other name for: medroxyprogesterone)
custirsen sodium: The eicosasodium salt of a mixed-backbone antisense oligodeoxynucleotide with chemosensitizing properties. Custirsen inhibits testosterone-repressed prostate message-2 (TRPM-2). Administration of custirsen abrogates the anti-apoptotic effect of TRPM-2, thereby sensitizing cells to chemotherapy and resulting in tumor cell death. TRPM-2 is an anti-apoptotic clusterin that is overexpressed by prostate cancer cells and is associated with chemoresistance. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
C-VISA BikDD: liposome: A formulation composed of DOTAP:cholesterol liposome nanoparticles complexed with the plasmid C-VISA BiKDD, with potential antineoplastic activity. C-VISA BikDD: liposome consists of a pancreatic-cancer-specific expression vector “VISA” (VP16-GAL4-WPRE integrated systemic amplifier) and a pancreatic-cancer-specific promoter CCKAR (cholecystokinin type A receptor) (CCKAR-VISA or C-VISA) which drives expression of the gene BikDD, a mutant form of the potent proapoptotic gene Bik (Bcl-2 interacting killer). Upon administration and transduction into pancreatic tumor cells, expression of BikDD by C-VISA BikDD:liposome may induce pancreatic tumor cell apoptosis and suppress pancreatic tumor cell proliferation. BikDD binds with greater affinity to anti-apoptotic proteins bcl-2, bcl-xl, bcl-w and Mcl-1 and is more potent than wild-type Bik. DOTAP:cholesterol liposome is composed of cationic lipid dioleoyl-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) and cholesterol at molar ratio of 1:1. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CVP regimen: A regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone used to treat indolent forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also used for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
CXC chemokine receptor 2 antagonist AZD5069: An orally bioavailable, selective and reversible antagonist of CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2), with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, CXC chemokine receptor 2 antagonist AZD5069 directly binds to CXCR2 and inhibits its activation. This inhibits CXCR2-mediated signaling and may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in CXCR2-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, AZD5069 reduces both neutrophil recruitment and migration from the systemic circulation into sites of inflammation, including the lung mucosa; it may also prevent neutrophil migration from the bone marrow. This results in the reduction of inflammation, mucus production, and neutrophil proteinase-mediated tissue destruction in the lung. CXCR2, a G protein-coupled receptor protein also known as IL-8 receptor B (IL-8RB), is upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and progression; it is known to be elevated in several inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and fibrotic pulmonary disorders. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CXCR4 antagonist BL-8040: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) with potential antineoplastic activity. CXCR4 antagonist BL-8040 selectively binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, preventing the binding of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) to the CXCR4 receptor and subsequent receptor activation, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration. In addition, inhibition of CXCR4 may induce mobilization of hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow into blood. The G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types; SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction induces retention of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CXCR4 antagonist USL311: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, USL311 binds to CXCR4, thereby preventing the binding of stromal-cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) to CXCR4 and inhibiting CXCR4 activation, which may result in decreased proliferation and migration of CXCR4-expressing tumor cells. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis, and is upregulated in several tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent.
CXCR4 inhibitor MSX-122: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of CXCR4 with potential antineoplastic and antiviral activities. CXCR4 inhibitor MSX-122 binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, preventing the binding of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) to the CXCR4 receptor and receptor activation, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor) gene family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types; it is also a co-receptor for HIV entry into T cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CXCR4 inhibitor POL6326: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) with receptor binding and hematopoietic stem cell-mobilization activities. CXCR4 inhibitor POL6326 binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, thereby preventing the binding of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) to the CXCR4 receptor and subsequent receptor activation. This may induce the mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow into blood. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types; CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction induces retention of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CXCR4 inhibitor X4P-001: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), with potential antineoplastic and immune checkpoint inhibitory activities. Upon administration, the CXCR4 inhibitor X4P-001 selectively binds to CXCR4 and prevents the binding of CXCR4 to its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12). This inhibits receptor activation and results in decreased proliferation and migration of CXCR4-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, inhibition of CXCR4 prevents the recruitment of regulatory T-cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the tumor microenvironment, thereby abrogating CXCR4-mediated immunosuppression and enabling the activation of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response against cancer cells. The G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4, which is upregulated in several tumor cell types, induces the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment, suppresses immune surveillance, and promotes tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. It is also a co-receptor for HIV entry into T cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CXCR4 peptide antagonist LY2510924: An inhibitor of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, CXCR4 inhibitor LY2510924 binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, thereby preventing CXCR4 binding to its ligand, stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and subsequent receptor activation. This may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration. CXCR4, a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene family, plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cyanocobalamin: An essential nutrient and natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with an intrinsic factor for absorption by the intestine. Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cyanocobalamin/dexamethasone/gentamicin/procaine formulation: A quadruple mixture composed of the corticosteroid dexamethasone, the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin, the vitamin cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), and the local anesthetic agent procaine, with antimucositis activity. Upon oral administration of the cyanocobalamin/dexamethasone/gentamicin/procaine formulation, the active ingredients prevent or inhibit inflammation and infection of the oral mucosa and reduce the associated pain. This may prevent or treat radiation-induced oral mucositis (OM). Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cyclin B1 peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine: A cell-based cancer vaccine comprised of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with cyclin B1 peptide, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, cyclin B1 peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and anti-cyclin B1 antibody responses against cyclin B1-expressing cancer cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Cyclin B1, a key regulator of the cell cycle and cell division, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride: A centrally acting muscle relaxant, chemically similar to amitriptyline hydrochloride with antidepressant activity. The exact mechanism of action of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride has not been fully determined. However, it primarily acts at the brain stem to reduce tonic somatic motor activity, influencing both gamma and alpha motor neurons. This leads to a reduction in muscle spasms. Check for active clinical trials using this agent.
cyclodextrin-based polymer-camptothecin CRLX101: A formulation of camptothecin, an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata, conjugated with to a hydrophilic, cyclodextrin-based linear polymer with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, camptothecin is slowly released from the formulation at the tumor site and taken up by tumor cells. During the S phase of the cell cycle, camptothecin selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, thereby inhibiting religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks and producing potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery. Compared to camptothecin alone, the cyclodextrin-based polymer formulation has a prolonged half life and greatly improves the biodistribution of camptothecin resulting in an accumulation of camptothecin at the tumor site, which enhances tumor exposure while greatly reducing toxic side effects. In addition, cyclodextrin-based polymer-camptothecin may be able to overcome certain kinds of multidrug resistance. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cycloflex: (Other name for: cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride)
cycloleucine: A non-metabolizable synthetic amino acid, formed through the cyclization of the amino acid leucine, with immunosuppressive, antineoplastic, and cytostatic activities. Cycloleucine competitively inhibits the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase, resulting in the inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis from methionine and ATP, and subsequent nucleic acid methylation and polyamine production; RNA, and perhaps to a lesser extent, DNA biosyntheses and cell cycle progression are finally disrupted. This agent is also a competitive inhibitor at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cyclopentenyl cytosine: A pro-drug carbocyclic analogue of cytidine with antineoplastic and antiviral activities. Cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC) is converted to the active metabolite cyclopentenyl cytosine 5'-triphosphate (CPEC-TP); CPEC-TP competitively inhibits cytidine triphosphate (CTP) synthase, thereby depleting intracellular cytidine pools and inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent may also induce differentiation of some tumor cell types. The antiviral activity of this agent is broad-spectrum. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cyclophosphamide: A synthetic alkylating agent chemically related to the nitrogen mustards with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. In the liver, cyclophosphamide is converted to the active metabolites aldophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard, which bind to DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and initiating cell death. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cyclosporine: A natural cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant isolated from the fungus Beauveria nivea. The exact mechanism of action of cyclosporine is not known but may involve binding to the cellular protein cytophilin, resulting in inhibition of the enzyme calcineurin. This agent appears to specifically and reversibly inhibit immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0-or G1-phase of the cell cycle. T-lymphocytes are preferentially inhibited with T-helper cells as the primary target. Cyclosporine also inhibits lymphokine production and release. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion: An topical ophthalmic formulation containing cyclosporine, an undecapeptide produced by the fungus Beauveria nivea, with immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory activities. The exact therapeutic mechanism of action of cyclosporine is not known but may involve binding to the cellular protein cytophilin, resulting in inhibition of the enzyme calcineurin. This agent appears to specifically and reversibly inhibit immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0-or G1-phase of the cell cycle. T-lymphocytes are preferentially inhibited with T-helper cells as the primary target. Cyclosporine also inhibits lymphokine production and release. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cyfos: (Other name for: ifosfamide)
Cyklokapron: (Other name for: tranexamic acid)
CYL-02 plasmid DNA: A gene transfer preparation of a plasmid DNA encoding mouse somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) and a fusion protein of human deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) and uridine monophosphate kinase (UMK), complexed to a synthetic polycationic carrier, polyethylenimine, with antineoplastic adjuvant application. Upon administration, CYL-02 plasmid DNA expresses DCK::UMK fusion protein that converts gemcitabine into its toxic phosphorylated metabolite. Expression of sst2 protein by this agent could induce both antioncogenic and local antitumor bystander effects. A loss of sst2 gene expression often is found in pancreatic and colorectal cancers, and is the receptor for somatostatin which negatively regulates a number of processes such as epithelial cell proliferation. Combination effects of these gene products allows for less chemotherapy to cause tumor cell lysis in not only the original tumor, but in distant tumors as well. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cynviloq™: (Other name for: paclitaxel-loaded polymeric micelle)
CYP17 inhibitor CFG920: An orally available inhibitor of the steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1 or CYP17), with potential antiandrogen and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, CYP17 inhibitor CFG920 inhibits the enzymatic activity of CYP17A1 in both the testes and adrenal glands, thereby inhibiting androgen production. This may decrease androgen-dependent growth signaling and may inhibit cell proliferation of androgen-dependent tumor cells. The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17A1, localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, and plays a key role in the steroidogenic pathway that produces steroidal hormones. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CYP17 lyase inhibitor ASN001: An orally available non-steroidal, lyase-selective inhibitor of the steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1 or CYP17), with potential anti-androgenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, CYP17 lyase inhibitor ASN001 selectively binds to and inhibits the lyase activity of CYP17A1 in both the testes and adrenal glands, resulting in a significant reduction in androgen production to castrate-range levels. This may both decrease androgen-dependent growth signaling and inhibit the proliferation of androgen-dependent tumor cells. The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17A1, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities; it plays a key role in the steroidogenic pathway. The selective inhibition of CYP17A1 lyase activity by ASN001 prevents the increased synthesis of mineralocorticoids that is normally seen with non-selective CYP17 inhibitors, which also inhibit the 17-alpha-hydroxylase activity of CYP17A1. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
CYP17/androgen receptor inhibitor ODM 204: An orally available inhibitor of both the steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1 or CYP17) and androgen receptor (AR), with potential anti-androgen and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, CYP17/AR inhibitor ODM 204 selectively inhibits the enzymatic activity of CYP17A1 in both the testes and adrenal glands, thereby inhibiting androgen production. This may both decrease androgen-dependent growth signaling and inhibit the proliferation of androgen-dependent tumor cells. In addition, ODM 204 binds to ARs in target tissues and inhibits androgen-induced receptor activation and AR nuclear translocation, which prevents the binding to and transcription of AR-responsive genes. This leads to an inhibition of growth in AR-expressing prostate cancer cells. The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17A1, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cyproheptadine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic methyl-piperidine derivative with antihistaminic and anti-serotoninergic properties. Cyproheptadine competes with free histamine (HA) for binding at HA-receptor sites, thereby competitively antagonizing histamine stimulation of HA-receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, large blood vessels, and bronchial smooth muscle. This agent also competes with free serotonin for binding at serotonin receptor sites. Cyproheptadine exhibits anticholinergic and sedative properties and has been shown to stimulate appetite and weight gain. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cyproterone acetate: The acetate salt of a synthetic steroidal antiandrogen with weak progestational and antineoplastic activities. Cyproterone binds the androgen receptor (AR), thereby preventing androgen-induced receptor activation in target tissues and inhibiting the growth of testosterone-sensitive tumor cells. This agent also exerts progestational agonist properties at the level of the pituitary that reduce luteinizing hormone (LH), resulting in reductions in testicular androgen secretion and serum testosterone levels. Treatment with cyproterone alone results in incomplete suppression of serum testosterone levels. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cyramza: (Other name for: ramucirumab)
Cyren A: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
cysteine-rich non-denatured whey protein isolate IMN1207: A biologically active, cysteine-rich, undenatured, bovine whey-based protein isolate with potential anti-cachexia and glutathione-enhancing properties. Upon administration of cysteine-rich whey protein isolate, cystine and glutamylcystine are taken up by cells and release free cysteine. The available cysteine allows cells to synthesize glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide made from amino acids glycine, glutamate and cysteine, thereby maintaining and increasing intracellular GSH concentrations. GSH plays a major role as an antioxidant, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage due to harmful substances such as free radicals and reactive oxygen compounds. As IMN 1207 is rich in protein, this agent may prevent weight loss and increase body weight and strength. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cysview: (Other name for: hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride)
cytadine analogue RX-3117: An orally available small molecule and nucleoside antimetabolite with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the cytidine analogue RX-3117 is taken up by cells through a carrier-mediated transporter, phosphorylated by uridine cytidine kinase (UCK) and then further phosphorylated to its diphosphate (RX-DP) and triphosphate forms (RX-TP). The triphosphate form is incorporated into RNA and inhibits RNA synthesis. The diphosphate RX-DP is reduced by ribonucleotide reductase (RR) to dRX-DP; its triphosphate form (dRX-TP) is incorporated into DNA. In addition, RX-3117 also inhibits DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). This eventually leads to cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis. UCK is the rate-limiting enzyme in the pyrimidine-nucleotide salvage pathway. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cytarabine: An antimetabolite analogue of cytidine with a modified sugar moiety (arabinose instead of ribose). Cytarabine is converted to the triphosphate form within the cell and then competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA. Because the arabinose sugar sterically hinders the rotation of the molecule within DNA, DNA replication ceases, specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. This agent also inhibits DNA polymerase, resulting in a decrease in DNA replication and repair. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cytarabine liposome: A liposomal intrathecal formulation of the antimetabolite cytarabine. As an S-phase-specific antimetabolite, cytarabine is phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase to a triphosphate form which competes with thymidine for incorporation into DNA; the incorporation of cytarabine triphosphate into DNA appears to inhibit DNA polymerase and so DNA synthesis, resulting in cell death. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cytarabine monophosphate prodrug MB07133: A prodrug of the monophosphate (MP) form of the antimetabolite cytarabine (araCMP), an analogue of cytidine with a modified sugar moiety (arabinose instead of ribose), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of the cytarabine MP prodrug MB07133, the targeting moiety of this agent specifically delivers the cytarabine moiety to the liver. In turn, araCMP is selectively converted to araC triphosphate (araCTP) by a liver kinase, where it binds to and competes with cytidine for incorporation into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA polymerase, and DNA synthesis. This leads to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and destruction of liver cancer cells. The liver is not able to convert araC into araCMP; araCMP is not converted into araCTP in tissues other than the liver. This enhances efficacy and minimizes systemic toxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cytochlor: A radio-sensitizing pyrimidine nucleoside with potential antineoplastic activity. Cytochlor is metabolized first to a phosphate derivative, CldCMP, by the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase and then to the active uracyl derivative, CldUMP, by the enzyme dCMP deaminase; deoxycytidine kinase and dCMP deaminase have been found in abnormally high concentrations in most cancers. CldUMP, the active metabolite, incorporates into DNA and, upon exposure to radiation, induces the formation of uracil radicals and double-strand DNA breaks. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cytokine-induced killer cells: A preparation of autologous lymphocytes with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are CD3-and CD56-positive, non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted, natural killer (NK)-like T lymphocytes, generated ex-vivo by incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-1, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and then expanded. When reintroduced back to patients after autologous stem cell transplantation, CIK cells may recognize and kill tumor cells associated with minimal residual disease (MRD). CIK cells may have enhanced cytotoxic activity compared to lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cytomegalovirus IE-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes: Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), specifically reactive to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early-1 (IE-1) protein, with immunomodulating activity. Adoptive immunotherapy with cytomegalovirus IE-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes may help reconstitute CD8+ cytomegalovirus-specific CTL responses in CMV-infected immunocompromised hosts. IE-1 is one of the first CMV antigens expressed by CMV-infected cells, predominantly inducing a CD8+ CTL response. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
cytomegalovirus pp65-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specifically reactive to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) phosphoprotein pp65 with potential antiviral activity. To prepare CMV pp65-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro, dendritic cells (DCs) are pulsed with CMV pp65 epitopes and then used to stimulate and propagate CMV pp65-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs); the CMV pp65-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte population is then expanded so as to be sufficient for use in adoptive T lymphocyte therapy. When administered into a patient post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, this agent may elicit a specific CTL response against CMV-infected host cells, which may result in the resolution of CMV infection. The CMV pp65 protein (65 kDa lower matrix phosphoprotein), the primary component of the enveloped subviral particle, is an immunodominant target for helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to CMV. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Cytomel: (Other name for: liothyronine sodium)
Cytosar-U: (Other name for: cytarabine)