CIENCIASMEDICASNEWS: NCI Drug Dictionary - National Cancer Institute

NCI Drug Dictionary - National Cancer Institute

516 results found for: P

pravastatin sodium: The sodium salt of pravastatin with cholesterol-lowering and potential antineoplastic activities. Pravastatin competitively inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. This agent lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, and modulates immune responses by suppressing MHC II (major histocompatibility complex II) on interferon gamma-stimulated, antigen-presenting cells such as human vascular endothelial cells. In addition, pravastatin, like other statins, exhibits pro-apoptotic, growth inhibitory, and pro-differentiation activities in a variety of tumor cells; these antineoplastic activities may be due, in part, to inhibition of the isoprenylation of Ras and Rho GTPases and related signaling cascades. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Precedex: (Other name for: dexmedetomidine hydrochloride)
Precose: (Other name for: acarbose)
prednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, prednisolone enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis in sensitive tumor cells populations. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
prednisone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, prednisone enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis in sensitive tumor cell populations. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pregabalin: A 3-isobutyl derivative of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) with anti-convulsant, anti-epileptic, anxiolytic, and analgesic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, pregabalin selectively binds to alpha2delta (A2D) subunits of presynaptic voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) located in the central nervous system (CNS). Binding of pregabalin to VDCC A2D subunits prevents calcium influx and the subsequent calcium-dependent release of various neurotransmitters, including glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and substance P, from the presynaptic nerve terminals of hyperexcited neurons; synaptic transmission is inhibited and neuronal excitability is diminished. Pregabalin does not bind directly to GABA-A or GABA-B receptors and does not alter GABA uptake or degradation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Pregnyl: (Other name for: recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin)
preimplantation factor PIF-1: A synthetic version, known as PIF-1, of the peptide preimplantation factor (PIF), an embryo-secreted peptide, with potential activity against graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). PIF-1 is believed to have wide-ranging activity on the immunologic system, including a whole host of immunologic changes that resemble pregnancy, in which there is neither graft-versus-host or host-versus-graft disease between the mother and the embryo. Replication of the immunologic profile of pregnancy through the administration of PIF-1 may thus benefit patients undergoing bone marrow transplant (BMT) who experience graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Native embryonic PIF has been found to have a multi-targeted effect on various aspects of the immune system, coordinated so that there is a successful embryonic implantation and a successful pregnancy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Prelay: (Other name for: troglitazone)
Prelone: (Other name for: prednisolone)
Premarin: (Other name for: conjugated estrogens)
Prevnar: (Other name for: pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine)
Prevnar 13: (Other name for: pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine)
prexasertib: An inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (chk1) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, prexasertib selectively binds to chk1, thereby preventing activity of chk1 and abrogating the repair of damaged DNA. This may lead to an accumulation of damaged DNA and may promote genomic instability and apoptosis. Prexasertib may potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents and reverse tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Chk1, a serine/threonine kinase, mediates cell cycle checkpoint control and is essential for DNA repair and plays a key role in resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Prialt: (Other name for: ziconotide)
prilocaine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of prilocaine, an intermediate-acting local anesthetic of the amide type chemically related to lidocaine. Prilocaine hydrochloride binds to voltage-gated sodium ion channels in the neuronal membrane, thereby preventing the permeability of sodium ions. This leads to a stabilization of the neuronal membrane and inhibits depolarization and results in a reversible blockage of nerve impulse generation and propagation along nerve fibres and subsequent reversible loss of sensation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Prilosec: (Other name for: omeprazole)
PRIMA-1 analog APR-246: A methylated derivative and structural analog of PRIMA-1 (p53 re-activation and induction of massive apoptosis), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, PRIMA-1 analog APR-246 covalently modifies the core domain of mutated forms of cellular tumor antigen p53 (p53) through the alkylation of thiol groups. These modifications restore both the wild-type conformation and function to mutant p53, which reconstitutes endogenous p53 activity, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells. This agent may work synergistically with other antineoplastic agents. p53, a tumor suppressor and transcription factor normally activated upon DNA damage, is frequently mutated and overexpressed in cancer cells; it plays a key role in both DNA repair and the induction of apoptosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
primary prostate cancer tissue/hTERT/survivin mRNA-loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine: An autologous dendritic cell (DCs) vaccine targeting prostate cancer with immunostimulating activity. The autologous DC vaccine is prepared via transfecting DCs with mRNAs extracted from primary prostate cancer tissue, and mRNAs of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and survivin. Upon administration, this DC vaccine may elicit a potent cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against prostate cancer cells, resulting in tumor cell death. Both hTERT and survivin are essential in neoplastic growth, and are considered to be universal tumor antigens. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Prinivil: (Other name for: lisinopril)
prinomastat: A synthetic hydroxamic acid derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Prinomastat inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (specifically, MMP-2, 9, 13, and 14), thereby inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis. As a lipophilic agent, prinomastat crosses the blood-brain barrier. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Pristiq: (Other name for: desvenlafaxine succinate)
proapoptotic sulindac analog CP-461: An orally bioavailable second-generation selective apoptotic antineoplastic drug (SAAND) and analog of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac, with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, CP-461 specifically binds to and blocks the activity of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDE), an enzyme that inhibits the normal apoptosis signal pathway. Inhibition of cGMP-PDE permits the apoptotic signal pathway to proceed unopposed, resulting in apoptotic cell death. cGMP-PDE is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types; therefore, CP-461 selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells, with minimal or no effect in healthy cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
probenecid: A benzoic acid derivative with antihyperuricemic property. Probenecid competitively inhibits the active reabsorption of urate at the proximal tubule in the kidney thereby increasing urinary excretion of uric acid and lowering serum urate concentrations. This prevents urate deposition and promotes resolution of existing urate deposits. In addition, probenecid modulates the transport of organic acids and acidic drugs at the proximal and distal renal tubule, thereby increasing the drug serum concentration. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
procarbazine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of a methylhydrazine derivative with antineoplastic and mutagenic activities. Although the exact mode of cytotoxicity has not been elucidated, procarbazine, after metabolic activation, appears to inhibit the trans-methylation of methionine into transfer RNA (t-RNA), thereby preventing protein synthesis and consequently DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent may also undergo auto-oxidation, resulting in the formation of cytotoxic free radicals which damage DNA through an alkylation reaction. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
procaspase activating compound-1 VO-100: An orally bioavailable procaspase activating compound-1 (PAC-1), with potential proapoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, VO-100 binds to and forms a chelating complex with zinc (Zn) ions inside cells, which prevents the binding of Zn ions to procaspase-3 (PC3) and abrogates the Zn-mediated inhibition of PC3. This allows for the proteolytic autoactivation of PC3 into the active form caspase-3. This results in the selective caspase-3-mediated induction of apoptosis and cell death in cancer cells. In addition, VO-100 is able to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). PC3, a Zn-inhibited proenzyme, is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types, while its expression is minimal in normal healthy cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
prochlorperazine: A synthetic propylpiperazine derivative of phenothiazine with antiemetic, antipsychotic, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic activities. Prochlorperazine antagonizes the dopamine D2-receptor in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the brain and may prevent chemotherapy-induced emesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Prochymal: (Other name for: remestemcel-L)
Procrit: (Other name for: epoetin alfa)
Proctocort: (Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)
Prodiaben: (Other name for: chlorpropamide)
Proellex: (Other name for: telapristone acetate)
Profasi: (Other name for: recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin)
proflavine hemisulfate: The hemisulfate salt form of proflavine, an acridine-derived fluorescent contrast and disinfectant agent that can potentially be used for cellular imaging and antiseptic purposes. Upon topical application of proflavine hemisulfate, proflavine diffuses into cells and intercalates into DNA, thereby accumulating in and staining the nucleus. During fluorescence imaging, the cell nuclei can be visualized. This allows nuclear morphometry and the identification of cancer cells. In addition, proflavine exerts its antibacterial effect by binding to bacterial DNA, thereby disrupting DNA synthesis and halting bacterial cell growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
progenipoietin: A recombinant, chimeric, dual-receptor agonist fusion protein with immunohematopoietic activity. Progenipoietin (ProGP) consists of portions of the ligands for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and human fetal liver tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3); variants progenipoietin-1, 2 and 3 differ in the orientation of the two receptor agonists. ProGP binds simultaneously to G-CSF and FLT3 receptors with receptor affinities approximately two- to three-fold higher than the respective native ligands. When administered in vivo, this agent may augment the number of circulating granulocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). ProGP may promote the proliferation of and prevent apoptosis in several human hematopoietic cell lineages, exhibiting the additive activities of a combination of C-GSF and FLT3. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Progenta: (Other name for: telapristone acetate)
progesterone vaginal insert: A tablet preparation formulated for vaginal administration containing a micronized synthetic form of the endogenous steroid hormone progesterone with progesterone activity. Upon vaginal insertion, progesterone binds to the progesterone receptor, resulting in dissociation of heat shock proteins, receptor phosphorylation, and transcription activation through direct or indirect interaction with transcription factors. This agent exerts inhibitory effects on estrogen by decreasing the number of estrogen receptors and increasing its metabolism to inactive metabolites. Progesterone induces secretory changes in the endometrium, decreases uterine contractility during pregnancy, and maintains pregnancy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Progestin: (Other name for: therapeutic progesterone)
Proglycem: (Other name for: diazoxide)
Prograf: (Other name for: tacrolimus)
prohibitin-targeting peptide 1: A chimeric, 25-mer peptide that targets prohibitin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Prohibitin-targeting peptide 1 (prohibitin-TP01) consists of a fat-targeting motif (CKGGRAKDC), two repeats of a proapoptotic peptide motif (KLAKLAK) and a GG linker. This peptide binds specifically to prohibitin in the white adipose vasculature; upon receptor-mediated cell internalization, the ligand/receptor complex triggers apoptosis and results in ablation of white fat. Destruction of white fat may potentially have positive consequences for men with prostate cancer since a high level of white fat has been implicated as a critical contributing factor in poor prostate cancer outcome. Prohibitin, a multifunctional membrane-associated protein that is thought to regulate cell survival and growth, has been shown by immunohistochemical analysis to be expressed in the membrane of endothelial cells in white adipose tissue. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Prokine: (Other name for: sargramostim)
Prolarix: (Other name for: caricotamide/tretazicar)
Prolastin-C: (Other name for: alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor human)
Proleukin: (Other name for: aldesleukin)
Prolia: (Other name for: denosumab)
Prolixin: (Other name for: fluphenazine hydrochloride)
Prolutin: (Other name for: therapeutic progesterone)
Promacta: (Other name for: eltrombopag olamine)
promethazine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of promethazine, a phenothiazine derivative with antihistaminic, sedative and antiemetic properties. Promethazine hydrochloride selectively blocks peripheral H1 receptors thereby diminishing the effects of histamine on effector cells. Promethazine hydrochloride also blocks the central histaminergic receptors, thereby depressing the reticular system causing sedative and hypnotic effects. In addition, promethazine hydrochloride also has centrally acting anticholinergic properties and probably mediates nausea and vomiting by acting on the medullary chemoreceptive trigger zone. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Promycin: (Other name for: porfiromycin)
pronase oral solution: An oral solution containing a mixture of proteinases, which are produced by Streptomyces griseus, with mucolytic activity and potential diagnostic applications. Upon oral administration, pronase is able to cleave peptide chains of polypeptides into individual amino acids, thereby dissolving mucus. The removal of mucus may improve the visibility of parts of the digestive tract, such as the esophagus and the stomach, during endoscopy. Pre-treatment with pronase before endoscopic examination may help in the detection of certain cancers, such as esophageal and gastric cancer. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
propacetamol: A water-soluble para-aminophenol derivative and ester prodrug of acetaminophen in which acetaminophen is bound to the carboxylic acid diethylglycine, with analgesic and antipyretic activities. Upon intravenous administration, propacetamol is hydrolyzed by plasma esterases into its active form acetaminophen. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated despite its widespread use, acetaminophen enters the central nervous system and acts centrally. This agent binds to cyclooxygenase (COX) and prevents the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin. A reduction in prostaglandin formation relieves pain and reduces fever. Acetaminophen may also act centrally on cannabinoid receptors and on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
propofol: A hypnotic alkylphenol derivative. Formulated for intravenous induction of sedation and hypnosis during anesthesia, propofol facilitates inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This agent is associated with minimal respiratory depression and has a short half-life with a duration of action of 2 to 10 minutes. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
propranolol hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of propranolol, a synthetic beta-adrenergic receptor blocker with antianginal, antiarrhythmic, and antihypertensive properties. Propranolol competitively antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors, thereby inhibiting beta-adrenergic reactions, such as vasodilation, and negative chronotropic and inotropic effects. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
propylthiouracil: A thiourea derivative with antithyroid property. Propylthiouracil (PTU) interferes with the oxidation of iodine possibly by interaction with peroxidase or a peroxidase-mediated complex reaction, thereby inhibiting synthesis of thyroid hormones tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). In addition, this agent inhibits the Type I 5'-deiodinase (D1), an enzyme involved in the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine. This results in decreased plasma triodothyronine concentrations and decreased entrance of thyroxine into cells thereby reducing thyroid hormone activity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Prorex: (Other name for: promethazine hydrochloride)
Proscar: (Other name for: finasteride)
Pro-Stat 101: (Other name for: concentrated, fortified, collagen protein hydrolysate liquid supplement)
prostate cancer vaccine ONY-P1: A cell-based vaccine derived from prostate cancer with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Prostate cancer vaccine ONY-P1 is derived from three irradiated allogeneic prostate cancer cell lines that represent different stages of prostate cancer and express a broad range of prostate and prostate cancer antigens. Upon administration, this vaccine may stimulate a host immune response against prostate cancer cells; in the vaccination schedule, the first two vaccinations are co-administered with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as an adjuvant. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Prostate Health Cocktail: (Other name for: cholecalciferol/d-alpha tocopherol/L-selenomethionine/green tea extract/saw palmetto berry extract/daidzein/genistein/lycopene prostate health supplement)
prostate tumor antigen-activated autologous dendritic cell vaccine: A dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) activated with a prostate tumor cell lysate containing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the prostate tumor antigen-activated autologous DC vaccine may stimulate an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against prostate cancer cells expressing prostate tumor cell-specific antigens, which may result in prostate tumor cell lysis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
prostatic acid phosphatase-sargramostim fusion protein: A genetically-engineered protein formed by the fusion of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and sargramostim (GM-CSF). Vaccination with antigen-presenting cells (APC) loaded with prostatic acid phosphatase-sargramostim fusion protein may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells that express PAP. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PROSTVAC: (Other name for: rilimogene galvacirepvec/rilimogene glafolivec)
protease-activated anti-PD-L1 antibody prodrug CX-072: A recombinant antibody prodrug composed of a monoclonal antibody directed against the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; B7-H1; CD274) that is linked to a proprietary masking peptide through a protease-cleavable linker on the amino terminus of the light chain domain of the antibody, with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the linkage system is stable in the circulation and, upon extravasation into the tumor microenvironment, the peptide mask is cleaved by tumor-associated proteases. These proteases are present in high concentrations and aberrantly activated in the tumor microenvironment, while expressed as inactive forms, at much lower concentrations, in normal, healthy tissue. Protease cleavage of the linker enables binding of the unmasked, fully active monoclonal antibody moiety of CX-072 to PD-L1, which is over expressed on certain cancer cells. This blocks the binding to and activation of its receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) on T lymphocytes, thereby enhancing the T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response and reversing PD-L1/PD-1-mediated T-cell suppression. PD-L1 binding to PD-1 on T cells suppresses the immune system and results in immune evasion. Compared to the unmodified PD-L1 antibody, peptide masking of CX-072 minimizes binding to PD-L1 in normal tissues, thereby decreasing autoimmune-based side effects while retaining anti-tumor activity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
protein kinase C inhibitor LXS196: An orally available protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor with potential immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, protein kinase C inhibitor LXS196 binds to and inhibits PKC, which prevents the activation of PKC-mediated signaling pathways. This may lead to the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. PKC, a serine/threonine protein kinase overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, is involved in tumor cell differentiation, proliferation, invasion and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor LB-100: A water soluble inhibitor of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), with potential chemo- and radiotherapy enhancing activity. Upon injection, PP2A inhibitor LB-100 inhibits the removal of phosphate groups from proteins essential for cell cycle progression. When used with radio- or chemotherapy treatment, this agent prevents the activation of PP2A-mediated repair mechanisms and allows for malignant cells to progress through the cell cycle without having their damaged DNA repaired. This enhances the cytotoxic effect of the chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic agent and results in tumor cell apoptosis. PP2A, a serine/threonine phosphatase that plays a key role in the control of cell growth and DNA damage repair. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
protein stabilized liposomal docetaxel nanoparticles: A formulation containing protein-stabilized liposome nanoparticles encapsulating the poorly water-soluble, second-generation taxane analog docetaxel with antineoplastic activity. Docetaxel binds to and stabilizes the beta-tubulin subunit, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and displays immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory properties by inducing various mediators of the inflammatory response. Compared to the use of toxic carriers to increase solubilization of docetaxel, protein-stabilized liposomal docetaxel improves drug solubility while avoiding carrier-associated toxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
proteolytic enzymes: Enzymes produced and secreted by the pancreas which aid in the proteolysis of proteins in the digestive tract. Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes include trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase; these enzymes are secreted as zymogens, inactive precursors of the enzymes, and are activated in the lumen of the digestive canal. Another proteolytic enzyme, enteropeptidase, is associated with the brush border of enterocytes; this enzyme catalyses the conversion of trypsinogen into trypsin which, in turn, can activate a number of other pancreatic zymogens. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Provecta: (Other name for: PV-10)
Provenge: (Other name for: sipuleucel-T)
Proventil: (Other name for: albuterol sulfate)
Provera: (Other name for: medroxyprogesterone)
Provera Dosepak: (Other name for: medroxyprogesterone)
Provigan: (Other name for: promethazine hydrochloride)
Provigil: (Other name for: modafinil)
proxalutamide: An orally bioavailable androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, proxalutamide binds to AR in target tissues, inhibits androgen-induced receptor activation, and facilitates the formation of inactive complexes that cannot translocate to the nucleus. This prevents binding to and transcription of AR-responsive genes that regulate prostate cancer cell proliferation. In addition, proxalutamide induces AR downregulation, thereby further preventing AR-mediated signaling. This ultimately leads to an inhibition of growth in AR-expressing prostate cancer cells. AR is overexpressed in prostate cancer and plays a key role in prostate cancer cell proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent.
PSA prostate cancer vaccine: A peptide vaccine containing the prostate specific antigen (PSA) with potential antineoplastic activity. PSA, a glycoprotein secreted by prostatic epithelial and ductal cells, is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and is used as a tumor marker for both diagnosis and treatment evaluation. Vaccination with PSA peptide vaccine may produce anti-PSA antibodies as well as elicit a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against prostate cancer cells expressing this antigen, thereby decreasing tumor cell growth. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PSA RNA-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine: An autologous dendritic cell vaccine with potential immunostimulatory activity. Dendritic cells harvested from a prostate cancer patient are transfected with the mRNA encoding for prostate specific antigen (PSA), a tumor marker secreted by prostatic epithelial and ductal cells. When reintroduced back to the patient, these PSA RNA pulsed autologous dendritic cells may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against PSA-positive prostate cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PSA/IL-2/GM-CSF vaccine: A prostate cancer vaccine containing prostate specific antigen (PSA) combined with the cytokines, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intradermal vaccination, PSA/IL-2/GM-CSF vaccine may activate the immune system to induce a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against prostate cancer cells expressing this antigen, thereby decreasing tumor cell growth. PSA, a glycoprotein secreted by prostatic epithelial and ductal cells, is overexpressed by prostate cancer cells. IL-2 stimulates natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T-cells against the PSA-expressing tumor cells. GM-CSF promotes antigen presentation to dendritic cells and further stimulates a tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PSA/PSMA DNA plasmid INO-5150: A plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular delivery and electroporation of the PSA/PSMA DNA plasmid INO-5150, both PSA and PSMA are translated in cells which then activate the immune system. This induces cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumor cells expressing PSA and PSMA. This may result in both immune-mediated tumor cell death and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. PSA and PSMA are overexpressed on a variety of cancer cell types. The DNA encoding the TAAs in INO-5150 is based on both human and other primate antigen gene sequences. As the plasmid genes differ from the human gene sequences encoding these antigens, INO-5150 may overcome immune tolerance to human TAAs. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PSA:154-163(155L) peptide vaccine: A cancer vaccine comprised of a synthetic peptide with an amino acid sequence corresponding to positions 154-163 of the amino acid sequence for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with a leucine substitution at position 155. Upon administration, PSA:154-163(155L) peptide vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells that express PSA. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PSA-PAP/KLH-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine: A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with the prostate-specific tumor associated antigens (TAAs) prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), and conjugated to the immunostimulant keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, prostate cancer antigen/KLH-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against prostate cancer cells expressing PSA and PAP, which may result in prostate cancer cell lysis. KLH is an immunogenic carrier and serves as an immunostimulant to improve antigenic immune recognition and T-cell responses and can be used to evaluate vaccine efficacy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa preparation: A preparation containing the inactivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon inoculation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa preparation may stimulate the immune system, increasing macrophage and natural killer cell activity; it may be used thereby in cancer adjuvant treatments, and it may reduce the incidence of infection. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
psilocybine: A tryptamine alkaloid, isolated from various genera of fungi including the genus Psilocybe, with hallucinogenic, anxiolytic, and psychoactive activities. In vivo, psilocybine is rapidly dephosphorylated into the active compound psilocin, which activates serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking the effects of serotonin. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PSMA/TARP peptide vaccine: A peptide-based cancer vaccine containing epitopes of T cell receptor gamma-chain alternate reading frame protein (TARP) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in combination with a Poly IC-LC immunoadjuvant, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, PSMA/TARP peptide vaccine may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against TARP- and PSMA-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell cytotoxicity. The nuclear protein TARP and PSMA are commonly expressed in prostate cancer cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PSMA-targeted docetaxel nanoparticles BIND-014: A proprietary preparation of polymeric nanoparticles containing the second-generation taxane docetaxel, targeted to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), with antineoplastic activity. PSMA-targeted docetaxel nanoparticles BIND-014 carry docetaxel within a matrix of polylactic acid covered with a coating of polyethylene glycol; embedded on the surface of the polyethylene glycol coating are ligands targeted to PSMA. BIND-014 allows gradual release of docetaxel upon degradation of the polylactic acid, and the PEG encapsulation escapes the host immune response while PSMA ligands on the surface restrict the cytotoxic effect to PSMA-expressing cells. Docetaxel binds to and stabilizes the beta-tubulin subunit, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. PSMA is a cell-surface antigen that is abundantly present on the surface of cancer cells and on the neovasculature that feeds a wide variety of tumor types. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PSMA-targeted PET imaging agent fluorine F 18 CTT-1057: A radioconjugate composed of the phosphoramidate agent CTT1057, a human prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitor, and labeled with the radioisotope fluorine F 18, with potential use as a tracer for PSMA-expressing tumors during positron emission tomography (PET). Upon intravenous administration of PSMA-targeted PET imaging agent fluorine F 18 CTT-1057, the CTT-1057 moiety targets and irreversibly binds to the extracellular domain of PSMA-expressing tumor cells. Upon rapid internalization, and following PET imaging, PSMA-expressing tumor cells can be detected. PSMA, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and type II transmembrane protein, is expressed on the membrane of prostatic epithelial cells and overexpressed on prostate tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PSMA-targeted tubulysin B-containing conjugate EC1169: An injectable, water soluble, small molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) containing a ligand specific for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), conjugated via a stable, enzyme-cleavable linker to the cytotoxic agent tubulysin B hydrazide (TubBH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of PSMA-targeted tubulysin B-containing conjugate EC1169, the PSMA ligand specifically targets and binds to PSMA, a protein which is abundantly expressed on the surface of metastatic and hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells as well as on the neovasculature of many solid tumors. This allows for the specific delivery of TubBH to PSMA-expressing cancer cells. Upon internalization and cleavage, tubulysin B binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule polymerization, which blocks cell division and results in G2/M phase arrest, tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in PSMA-expressing tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Psoria-Gold: (Other name for: curcumin-based gel)
pTVG-HP plasmid DNA vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing plasmid DNA encoding human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) (pTVG-HP) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, pTVG-HP plasmid DNA vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to generate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against PAP-expressing prostate cancer cells. PAP or prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) is a tumor associated antigen (TAA) that may be overexpressed in prostate cancer. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Pulmozyme: (Other name for: dornase alfa inhalation solution)
pUMVC3-hIGFBP-2 multi-epitope plasmid DNA vaccine: A plasmid DNA vaccine containing mammalian expression vector pUMVC3, encoding epitopes of human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (hIGFBP-2) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, pUMVC3-hIGFBP-2 multi-epitope plasmid DNA vaccine may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against hIGFBP-2-expressing cells. The tumor associated antigen (TAA) hIGFBP-2, a member of the insulin like growth factor receptor family, is overexpressed in a number of cancer cell types and its expression has been associated with increased invasiveness. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pUMVC3-IGFBP2-HER2-IGF1R plasmid DNA vaccine: A polyepitope plasmid DNA vaccine containing the mammalian expression vector pUMVC3 encoding epitopes derived from three tumor-associated antigens (TAAs): human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal vaccination, pUMVC3-IGFBP2-HER2-IGF1R plasmid DNA vaccine transfects local keratinocytes, which process the plasmid, express the epitopes and present them to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This activates the immune system to mount a combined response from specific T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, memory T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against IGFBP2-, HER2-, and IGF1R-expressing tumor cells. IGFBP2, HER2, and IGF1R are tumor-associated proteins overexpressed in certain tumor cell types, and play key roles in cellular proliferation and survival. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Purinethol: (Other name for: mercaptopurine)
Purixan: (Other name for: mercaptopurine)
Purixan: (Other name for: mercaptopurine oral suspension)
Purlytin: (Other name for: rostaporfin)
purple grape juice: Juice made form dark, purple grapes that contain polyphenols with antioxidant and potential cardiovascular protecting activities. Purple grape juice contains high amounts of flavonoids that may increase antioxidant activity and reduce oxidative stress, reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and improve nitric oxide formation, endothelial function and vasodilation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PV-10: An injectable ten percent solution of rose bengal disodium, an iodinated fluorescein derivative, with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activities. When injected into tumor tissue, PV-10 specifically targets and concentrates in tumor cells, producing cytotoxic singlet oxygen when exposed to ionizing radiation. In addition, PV-10 may stimulate an anti-tumor immune response. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PV701: An attenuated, replication-competent, oncolytic strain of Newcastle disease virus. PV701 selectively lyses tumor cells. The selectivity of this agent is related to defects in the interferon-mediated antiviral response found in tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PVA microporous hydrospheres: An embolic material composed of microspheres of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers. These water-soluble, compressible microspheres may be used to encapsulate various therapeutic agents; drug-loaded microspheres can then be used as a drug delivery vehicle during embolization of tumor vasculature. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PVA microporous hydrospheres/doxorubicin hydrochloride: An embolic material composed of microspheres of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride with antineoplastic activity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride-loaded microspheres may be used as a drug delivery vehicle during embolization of tumor vasculature. Doxorubicin intercalates DNA, interferes with catalytic activity of topoisomerase II, and causes DNA adducts and other DNA damage, resulting in tumor cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. When used in tumor vasculature embolization, this preparation may provide more tumor-specific treatment with doxorubicin compared to the systemic administration of doxorubicin, thereby reducing the systemic toxicity of doxorubicin. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pVAXrcPSAv53l vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing xenogenic DNA from rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) that encodes prostate specific antigen (PSA) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon repeated intradermal administration via electroporation, pVAXrcPSAv53l vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against PSA-expressing prostate cancer cells. Rhesus PSA is 89% homologous to human PSA. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
PVDF/sirolimus topical: A topical formulation consisting of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer resin containing the macrolide sirolimus (rapamycin), produced by the organism Streptomyces hygroscopicus, with immunosuppressive activity. Upon application of topical PVDF/sirolimus, sirolimus migrates from the PVDF polymer resin into the skin. Once inside cells, sirolimus binds to the immunophilin FK binding protein-12 (FKBP-12) and forms a sirolimus:FKBP-12 complex. This complex binds to and inhibits the activity of the serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which may result in the suppression of cytokine-driven T-cell activation and proliferation. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Pycnogenol: (Other name for: French maritime pine bark extract)
pyrazinamide: A synthetic pyrazinoic acid amide derivative with bactericidal property. Pyrazinamide is particularly active against slowly multiplying intracellular bacilli (unaffected by other drugs) by an unknown mechanism of action. Its bactericidal action is dependent upon the presence of bacterial pyrazinamidase, which removes the amide group to produce active pyrazinoic acid. Pyrazinamide is an important component of multidrug therapy for tuberculosis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pyrazine diazohydroxide: A congener of pyridine 2-diazohydroxide. Pyrazine diazohydroxide forms DNA adducts via the reactive pyrazine diazonium ion, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pyrazofurin: A nucleoside analog. Pyrazofurin potently inhibits orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase, thereby interfering with de novo synthesis of uridine nucleotides and resulting in cytotoxicity. This agent also causes a rapid depletion of the pyrimidine deoxynucleotide pool, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell replication. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pyrazoloacridine: A 9-methoxy acridine compound containing a reducible 5-nitro substituent. Pyrazoloacridine appears to intercalate into DNA and inhibit RNA synthesis, DNA synthesis, and the activities of topoisomerases I and II, thereby causing cytotoxicity. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pyridoxine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of pyridoxine, a water-soluble B vitamin. Pyridoxine is converted in the liver into the metabolically active coenzyme form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P), an essential cofactor in many enzymatic reactions in amino acid metabolism, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation. P5P is required for glycogenolysis and the synthesis of sphingolipids and is essential to red blood cell, nervous system, and immune system functions. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pyrimethamine: A synthetic derivative of ethyl-pyrimidine with potent antimalarial properties. Pyrimethamine is a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). DHFR is a key enzyme in the redox cycle for production of tetrahydrofolate, a cofactor that is required for the synthesis of DNA and proteins. This agent is often used in combination with other antimalarials for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pyrotinib: An orally bioavailable, dual kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or HER-1) and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ErbB2 or HER-2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, pyrotinib binds to and inhibits both EGFR and HER2, which may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis, and tumor regression in EGFR/HER2-expressing tumor cells. EGFR and HER2 are receptor tyrosine kinases that are upregulated in various tumor cell types and play major roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pyroxamide: A synthetic derivative of hydroxamic acid with antineoplastic properties, Pyroxamide inhibits histone deacetylases involved in transcription; induces hyperacetylation of core histones, modulating chromatin structure and affecting transcription of some genes that inhibit tumor growth; and induces growth arrest and apoptosis. Pyroxamide is used in clinical studies for cancer chemotherapy. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pyrrolobenzodiazepine-based anti-CD19 antibody-drug conjugate SGN-CD19B: An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of an anti-CD19 humanized monoclonal antibody (hBU12ec) with engineered cysteines (EC-mAb) conjugated, via a maleimidocaproyl-valine-alanine dipeptide protease-cleavable linker, to the cytotoxic, DNA minor-groove crosslinking agent pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer (SGD-1882), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of anti-CD19 ADC SGN-CD19B, the antibody moiety targets the cell surface antigen CD19, which is found on B-cell-derived cancers. Upon antibody/antigen binding, internalization and lysosome uptake, the cytotoxic PBD moiety is released. In turn, the imine groups of the PBD moiety bind to the N2 positions of guanines on opposite strands of DNA. This induces DNA strand breaks, inhibits DNA replication, leads to G2/M cell cycle arrest, induces cell death, and inhibits the proliferation of CD19-overexpressing tumor cells. CD19, a transmembrane receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and a B-cell specific antigen, is expressed on B-cell-derived cancers. The cysteine engineering of the EC-mAb allows for a site-specific and stable conjugation of PBD to the antibody. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
pyruvate kinase inhibitor TLN-232: A synthetic cyclic heptapeptide with potential antineoplastic activity. Pyruvate kinase (PK) inhibitor TLN-232 targets pyruvate kinase M2 (M2PK), which may disrupt tumor cell anaerobic glycolysis. M2PK is a dimeric isoform of PK and the predominant PK isoform found in tumor cells. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)