CIENCIASMEDICASNEWS: BioEdge: Chinese scientists could clone humans

sábado, 5 de diciembre de 2015

BioEdge: Chinese scientists could clone humans

Chinese scientists could clone humans

by Michael Cook | 5 Dec 2015 | Link

The Boyalife cloning factory in Tianjin

Cloning has been off the radar for several years. But, according to a report from Agence France-Presse, it’s back on the boil in China.

AFP interviewed scientists from the Boyalife Group in the northern city of Tianjin, which is building a huge plant for cloning livestock. The researchers believe that they will be producing one million cloned cows a year by 2020.

Other Chinese scientists are sceptical, as securing approval from regulators is a long process and the factory has not even been completed.

Boyalife also has plans for dogs, thoroughbred horses and monkeys. And after the technology for cloning them is mastered, humans could be next. The AFP report says:

The firm does not currently engage in human cloning activities, [Chief executive Xu Xiaochun] said, adding that it has to be "self-restrained" because of possible adverse reaction.

But social values can change, he pointed out, citing changing views of homosexuality and suggesting that in time humans could have more choices about their own reproduction.

"Unfortunately, currently, the only way to have a child is to have it be half its mum, half its dad," he said.

"Maybe in the future you have three choices instead of one," he went on. "You either have fifty-fifty, or you have a choice of having the genetics 100 percent from Daddy or 100 percent from Mummy. This is only a choice."

Boyalife has a South Korean partner, Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, a company headed by Hwang Woo Suk, the disgraced stem cell scientist who published fraudulent research in Science in 2004 and 2005. His group is trying to bring back an extinct woolly mammoth using DNA found in frozen carcasses in Siberia and also cloning dead pet dogs for a reported price of US$100,000.

Dr Xu reassured the AFP journalist: "We want the public to see that cloning is really not that crazy, that scientists aren’t weird, dressed in lab coats, hiding behind a sealed door doing weird experiments."

- See more at: http://www.bioedge.org/bioethics/chinese-scientists-could-clone-humans/11687#sthash.uPBBJc3W.dpuf

BioEdge: Summit fails to ban genetic engineering of human embryos

Summit fails to ban genetic engineering of human embryos

by Michael Cook | 5 Dec 2015 | 1 comment

Gene-editing with the four-year-old CRISPR technique is already so promising that a meeting of American, British and Chinese scientists was held in Washington this week to discuss how it should be regulated.

The most controversial item on the agenda was genetic editing of human embryos and germ cells. Chinese scientists have already done this with surplus IVF embryos, although all of them died. Unsurprisingly, the International Summit on Human Gene-Editing declared that it would be “irresponsible to proceed with any clinical use of germline editing” until the risks were better understood. But it failed to endorse even a moratorium on human germline gene-editing, let alone a blanket ban.

Gene-editing has far-reaching uses in basic and pre-clinical research and modification of somatic cells. If embryos or germ cells are edited, it might be possible to avoid severe inherited diseases or to enhance human capabilities.

The summit pointed out that there are many risks, including :

(i) the risks of inaccurate editing (such as off-target mutations) and incomplete editing of the cells of early-stage embryos (mosaicism);

(ii) the difficulty of predicting harmful effects that genetic changes may have under the wide range of circumstances experienced by the human population, including interactions with other genetic variants and with the environment;

(iii) the obligation to consider implications for both the individual and the future generations who will carry the genetic alterations;

(iv) the fact that, once introduced into the human population, genetic alterations would be difficult to remove and would not remain within any single community or country;

(v) the possibility that permanent genetic ‘enhancements’ to subsets of the population could exacerbate social inequities or be used coercively; and

(vi) the moral and ethical considerations in purposefully altering human evolution using this technology.

While recognising the ethical complications, the scientists were reluctant to close the Pandora’s box. “We don't want to slam the door on this idea forever,” said biochemist Jennifer Doudna of the University of California, Berkeley, one of the scientists who developed the technique. And Harvard’s George Church argued that a ban would be unrealistic because it cannot be enforced. Research will continue in countries where it is not banned.

The need for ethical and regulatory clarity is urgent. The Chinese experiment failed because the editing was sometimes inaccurate. However, a paper published in Science during the week of the conference was a major advance. As Wired commented: “It’s the latest in a series of improvements to the Crispr system that, together, are inching the error rate down toward practically zero.”

- See more at: http://www.bioedge.org/bioethics/summit-fails-to-stop-genetic-engineering-of-human-embryos/11683#sthash.22GUaG4o.dpuf

Bioedge

I’m not surprised that a new report from the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, a think tank for the UK government, has received no publicity. “Ideas about naturalness in public and political debates about science, technology and medicine” is not a title which sets the pulse racing. Perhaps they should have christened it “Unnatural Acts”. That would have guaranteed it blanket coverage in the British tabloids.

But this study of why people call some things “natural” or “unnatural” could be one of the most important position papers of the decade. It is fundamentally an attempt to undermine what US bioethicist Leon Kass called “the wisdom of repugnance”. Most objections to issues like cloning or mitochondrial transfer or surrogacy are based on that hard-to-define queasy feeling in Bob and Betty’s stomachs: they just don’t pass the smell test.

And this is important.

As the Nuffield Council points out: “People’s ideas about naturalness may influence the degree to which advances in science, technology and medicine are embraced or opposed by the UK public.” So, as I read it, the report sets out to deconstruct the word, to make it meaningless, and so to bury it as a term of intellectual discourse. If people can be taught to mistrust their own intuitions, securing regulatory approval for the most far-fetched projects will be a snap.

No matter where you stand on bioethical issues, this is required reading. It could frame debates for years to come.