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Fatal Accelerated Cirrhosis after Imported HEV Genotype 4 Infection - Volume 21, Number 9—September 2015 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

Fatal Accelerated Cirrhosis after Imported HEV Genotype 4 Infection - Volume 21, Number 9—September 2015 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC





Volume 21, Number 9—September 2015

Letter

Fatal Accelerated Cirrhosis after Imported HEV Genotype 4 Infection

Figures

Technical Appendicies

To the Editor: Hepatitis E is a viral hepatitide that is endemic in many developing countries. In its classic form, it results from ingesting fecally contaminated water that carries hepatitis E virus (HEV), and it frequently resolves without treatment. When hepatitis E is imported to the United States, it originates mainly from persons who have acquired HEV genotype 1 infection from South Asia (1). We report imported HEV genotype 4 infection (Technical Appendix[PDF - 215 KB - 2 pages] Figure, panel A) in a patient during which cirrhosis and fatal hepatic decompensation ensued.
The patient was a 68-year-old man of Chinese ethnicity who had been a California resident since 1985. He sought treatment for mild jaundice in April 2013 in Hong Kong, where he had been staying for 7 weeks. Sixteen years before, he had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation at Stanford University Medical Center (Palo Alto, California, USA) for hepatitis B cirrhosis. Since then, he had received entecavir and tacrolimus for maintenance and had been vaccinated against hepatitis A virus. Until his current illness, routine liver function tests had not indicated hepatic dysfunction (values in November 2012: alanine aminotransferase 2 IU/L, aspartate aminotransferase 24 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 67 IU/L, total bilirubin 0.5 mg/dL).
Thumbnail of Serial histologic changes in liver of the patient who received a diagnosis of hepatitis E after a visit to Hong Kong in 2013 (A and B: at first biopsy; C and D: second biopsy; E and F: third biopsy. A) Mild mixed portal infiltration; minimal lobular inflammation; acidophil body present at upper right; and bile duct showing injury with lymphocytic infiltration (original magnification ×400). b) Mild portal inflammation; some interface activity; and portal tracts not showing increased
Figure. Serial histologic changes in liver of the patient who received a diagnosis of hepatitis E after a visit to Hong Kong in 2013 (A and B: at first biopsy; C and...
When the patient returned to the United States, 3 weeks after onset of jaundice, the initial work-up showed the following values: alanine aminotransferase 149 IU/L, aspartate aminotransferase 59 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 193 IU/L, total bilirubin 2.8 mg/dL (Technical Appendix[PDF - 215 KB - 2 pages] Figure, panel B). Hepatitis B virus DNA and antinuclear antibodies were not detected, and the tacrolimus level was stable. Ultrasound revealed a normal transplanted liver. A liver biopsy specimen showed mild portal, biliary, and lobular inflammation and early biliary injury (Figure, panels A, B). The prednisone dosage was escalated, and mycophenolate mofetil was added. Liver enzyme activity showed some improvement, but the bilirubin level continued to rise (Technical Appendix[PDF - 215 KB - 2 pages] Figure, panel B).
A biopsy specimen taken 3 months later showed grade 3 hepatitis with bile ductular reaction, bridging hepatocytic necrosis and fibrosis, and regenerative nodule formation (Figure, panels C, D). A blood sample taken about this time tested positive for HEV RNA. The patient was then given ribavirin (1,000 mg/d). Before hepatitis E was diagnosed, tacrolimus was given (1 mg 2×/d); when the diagnosis was confirmed, the tacrolimus dose was reduced to 0.5 mg every other day. Four months after the patient sought treatment, ascites was noted. Ribavirin was stopped because of pancytopenia. Blood samples subsequently tested negative for HEV RNA, but HEV IgM and IgG were found. Hepatic function did not improve.
Eight months after onset of the patient’s condition, marked hepatic decompensation occurred (Technical Appendix[PDF - 215 KB - 2 pages] Figure), culminating in esophageal variceal hemorrhage. The patient was placed on a waiting list and then underwent liver transplantation, but he died during the operation from complications of hemorrhage. Biopsy of the liver explant revealed intense lobular inflammation with the hepatocellular reactive changes persisting and stage IV fibrosis (Figure, panels E, F).
The patient had lived and worked in Hong Kong before he became a resident of the United States. He had not visited Hong Kong in the 3 years preceding his most recent trip, nor had he traveled to Europe. Review of his medical records revealed no evidence of hepatic dysfunction after his previous travels. Considering that his most recent visit to Hong Kong coincided with the incubation period of hepatitis E (2), he most likely acquired HEV genotype 4 infection during that visit.
In China over the past decade, national notifications of HEV infection have risen, with 28,232 cases reported in 2013 (3). In Hong Kong, where a rising trend in hepatitis E notifications also has been observed (150 cases reported in 2012 [4]), HEV infections are almost all associated with HEV genotype 4 (5).
This patient’s HEV subgenomic sequence was closely related to human and porcine HEV genotype 4 sequences reported from mainland China and Hong Kong (Technical Appendix[PDF - 215 KB - 2 pages] Figure, panel A). Porcine liver has been implicated as a possible HEV transmission vehicle in that region (6); although we do not know whether the patient ate food that carried HEV, the possibility underscores the importance of avoiding eating inadequately cooked animal-derived food products during international travel (2).
Chronic hepatitis with accelerated cirrhosis has been reported in solid-organ transplant recipients infected with HEV genotype 3, but not with genotype 4 (7). Serial liver biopsy specimens from the patient showed persistent and worsening hepatitis and rapid onset of fibrosis that intensified (Technical Appendix[PDF - 215 KB - 2 pages] Figure, panel B).
Testing for HEV infection is recommended during initial assessments of posttransplant hepatic dysfunction because histologic appearances in liver biopsy specimens may not clearly distinguish between graft rejection and acute viral hepatitis (Figure, panels A, B). Early diagnosis of hepatitis E should lead to prompt administration of antiviral therapy and appropriate adjustments to the immunosuppressant drug regimen, particularly because some drugs can exert opposing effects on HEV replication (8).
Ryan B. PerumpailComments to Author , Aijaz Ahmed, John P. Higgins, Samuel K. So, J. Lynn Cochran, Jan Drobeniuc, Tonya R. Mixson-Hayden, and Chong-Gee Teo
Author affiliations: Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA (R.B. Perumpail, A. Ahmed, J.P. Higgins, S.K. So)Birmingham Gastroenterology Associates, Birmingham, Alabama, USA (J.L. Cochran)Trinity Medical Center, Birmingham (J.L. Cochran)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (J. Drobeniuc, T.R. Mixson-Hayden, C.-G. Teo)

Acknowledgment

We thank D. Conrad, G. Lutchman, and A. Tejada-Strop for their assistance.

References

  1. Drobeniuc JGreene-Montfort TLe NTMixson-Hayden TRGanova-Raeva LDong CLaboratory-based surveillance for hepatitis E virus infection, United States, 2005–2012. Emerg Infect Dis2013;19:21822DOIPubMed
  2. Teo CG. Hepatitis E. In: Brunette GW, editor. CDC health information for international travel 2014. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014. P. 197–200.
  3. Center for Public Health Surveillance and Information Service, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionNational data of class A, B and C communicable diseases in December 2013. Dis Surveill2014;29:1.
  4. Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China. Surveillance of viral hepatitis in Hong Kong—2012 update report [cited 2015 Feb 10]. http://www.info.gov.hk/hepatitis/doc/hepsurv12.pdf
  5. Lam WYChan RCWSung JJYChan PKGenotype distribution and sequence variation of hepatitis E virus, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis.2009;15:7924DOIPubMed
  6. Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China. Hepatitis E virus in fresh pig livers [cited 2015 Feb 10]. http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_rafs/files/RA_44_HEV_pig_liver_e.pdf
  7. Zhou Xde Man RAde Knegt RJMetselaar HJPeppelenbosch MPPan QEpidemiology and management of chronic hepatitis E infection in solid organ transplantation: a comprehensive literature review. Rev Med Virol2013;23:295304DOIPubMed
  8. Wang YZhou XDebing YChen KVan Der Laan LJNeyts JCalcineurin inhibitors stimulate and mycophenolic acid inhibits replication of hepatitis E virus. Gastroenterology2014;146:177583DOIPubMed

Figure

Technical Appendix

Suggested citation for this article: Perumpail RB, Ahmed A, Higgins JP, So SK, Cochran JL, Drobeniuc J, et al. Fatal accelerated cirrhosis after imported HEV genotype 4 infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Sep [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2109.150300


DOI: 10.3201/eid2109.150300

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