Volume 24, Number 6—June 2018
Dispatch
Pathogenic Leptospira Species in Insectivorous Bats, China, 2015
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Hui-Ju Han, Hong-Ling Wen, Jian-Wei Liu, Xiang-Rong Qin, Min Zhao, Li-Jun Wang, Li-Mei Luo, Chuan-Min Zhou, Ye-Lei Zhu, Rui Qi, Wen-Qian Li, Hao Yu, and Xue-Jie Yu
Abstract
PCR amplification of the rrs2 gene indicated that 50% (62/124) of insectivorous bats from eastern China were infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, and several potentially new Leptospira species. Multilocus sequence typing defined 3 novel sequence types in L. kirschneri, suggesting that bats are major carriers of Leptospira.
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the pathogenic spirochetes of the bacterial genus Leptospira (1). Although leptospirosis is mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries (2), it is considered an emerging or reemerging zoonosis of global public health concern (1). In China, leptospirosis is listed as a category B notifiable disease (3). Globally, rodents are recognized as important reservoir hosts (4); however, a growing number of studies highlight the potential role of bats in the epidemiology of Leptospira (4). So far, knowledge on Leptospira in bats in China is lacking. Therefore, we screened archived bat kidney samples for Leptospira species to evaluate the potential role of bats in the ecology of Leptospira in China.
During July–October 2015, we captured 124 insectivorous bats with nets in Mengyin County, Shandong Province, China; the bats were initially intended for viral metagenomic analysis. Details regarding anesthetization of bats and tissue sampling were described previously (5). We collected the kidneys, storing them at −80°C until analysis. We identified bat species by using PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the cytochrome B (cytB) gene as described previously (6). The 124 bats were classified into 4 species of the Vespertilionidae family (26 Eptesicus serotinus bats from 2 farmers’ houses, 30 Myotis fimbriatus bats and 10 M. ricketti bats from a city sewer, and 58 Myotis pequinius bats from a karst cave).
We designated bat kidney samples by using the abbreviation of Shandong plus the sample identification number (e.g., SD-49). We extracted DNA from bat kidney samples by using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. To identify the species of Leptospira in bats, we amplified the 16S rRNA gene (rrs2) by using nested PCR with primers Lepto 16S-1st-F, Lepto 16S-1st-R, Lepto 16S-2nd-F, and Lepto 16S-2nd-R (7). We cloned the rrs2 PCR products (642 bp) into the pMD 19-T vectors (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan) and randomly picked 1 colony for Sanger sequencing using M13 universal primers on both DNA strands.
On the basis of rrs2 amplification results, 62 (50.0%) of 124 bats tested were positive for Leptospira. All the E. serotinus bats (0/26, 0.0%) were negative for Leptospira, whereas the M. fimbriatus bats (19/30 [63.3%]), M. ricketti bats (6/10 [60.0%]), and M. pequinius bats (37/58 [63.7%]) showed high rates of infection.
Figure 1. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on rrs2 gene of Leptospiraisolates from bats, Mengyin County, Shandong Province, China, and reference Leptospira sequences from GenBank (boldface). We constructed the tree with the rrs2...
Figure 2. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on rrs2 gene of pathogenic Leptospira isolates from bats, Mengyin County, Shandong Province, China, and reference Leptospira sequences from GenBank that had been previously isolated from bats...
Using ClustalW with MEGA 7.0 (http://www.megasoftware.net), we aligned the rrs2 sequences from this study with reference Leptospira species downloaded from GenBank. We constructed a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree (also by using MEGA 7.0) (8). On the basis of the rrs2 phylogeny, all Leptospira detected in bats in Mengyin County clustered into the pathogenic group and could be divided into >14 clades (clades A–N). Although clade H was most likely associated with L. borgpetersenii, the Leptospira detected in bats in Mengyin County were divergent from any known Leptospira species (Figure 1) and any previously published Leptospira sequences from bats (Figure 2); therefore, these organisms might represent potentially new Leptospiraspecies. We deposited the 62 rrs2 sequences of Leptospira in the Mengyin County bats into GenBank (accession nos. MF498596–657).
To characterize the Leptospira species detected in bats from Mengyin County, we attempted multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on 7 housekeeping genes (glmU, pntA, sucA, tpiA, pfkB, mreA, and caiB), as previously described (9). We assigned alleles for all 7 loci by using a publicly available Leptospira MLST website (https://pubmlst.org/leptospira) and defined sequence types (STs) by using the allelic profiles (glmU-pntA-sucA-tpiA-pfkB-mreA-caiB).
Because we conducted MLST using kidney DNA rather than DNA from isolates, the results were arduous to obtain. Only 35 of the 62 rrs2-positive bats were successfully amplified for >1 gene. For three samples, SD-49, SD-88, and SD-112, all 7 loci were obtained. We uploaded the allele data to the Leptospira MLST database and assigned a novel allele number for each gene (Technical Appendix[PDF - 856 KB - 8 pages] Table). According to the allelic profiles, we classified the organisms as L. kirschneri, assigning all 3 with novel STs (ST244 for SD-49, ST246 for SD-88, and ST245 for SD112).
We obtained 32 incomplete allelic profiles in all. After searching the Leptospira MLST database for each gene, we found that the loci of this study could not match with any known alleles and that they represented novel alleles; however, novel alleles could not be assigned for incomplete allelic profiles. Phylogenies based on each of the 7 genes showed inconsistent topologies for individual bats, indicating co-infection with different Leptospira species in the Mengyin County bats (Technical Appendix[PDF - 856 KB - 8 pages] Table, Figures 1–7). For SD-103, for example, we amplified 5 of the 7 genes. On the basis of glmU, tpiA, pfkB, and mreA, SD-103 clustered with L. borgpetersenii; however, on the basis of sucA, SD-103 fell into the group of the potentially new Leptospira sp. 2.
Because we did not conduct culture isolation with the archived bat kidney samples, further isolation with fresh bat kidney or urine samples will be needed to enable a thorough genotyping analysis of Leptospira species in the Mengyin County bats. Altogether, our study suggested that bats in Mengyin County carried a wide diversity of Leptospira, and the actual genetic diversity is likely even higher.
In our study, all the E. serotinus bats were negative for Leptospira, whereas M. fimbriatus, M. ricketti, and M. pequinius bats showed a high rate of infection. This finding might be explained by a widely accepted belief that Leptospira mainly circulate in humid environments (10). E. serotinus bats were captured from the eaves of 2 farmers’ houses, where the habitats were dry, whereas the M. fimbriatus, M. ricketti, and M. pequinius bats were sampled from the humid city sewer and karst cave.
So far, Leptospira has been detected in ≈50 bat species belonging to 8 bat families from tropical and subtropical regions as well as part of Europe (4). Although the role of bats as carriers of Leptospira associated with human leptospirosis remains uncertain, intrusion into bat habitats and increasing urbanization that results in the cohabitation of bats and humans are likely to increase the opportunity for batborne Leptospira spillover (11). Moreover, bats might play an important role in the epidemiology of Leptospira through transmission between bats and rodents, with rodents being a major source of human infection (12).
Myotis spp. bats in Mengyin County in Shandong Province of China showed a high rate of infection with Leptospira borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, and several potentially new Leptospira species, suggesting that bats are important carriers of Leptospira in Mengyin County. To date, knowledge of batborne leptospirosis is lacking, and the monitoring of the potential spillover of batborne Leptospira to humans is needed.
Ms. Han is a PhD candidate in the School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University. Her research interests include emerging infectious diseases and vectorborne diseases, especially batborne diseases.
Acknowledgment
The collection of bats for microbiologic studies was approved by the Ethics Committee of Prevention Medicine of Shandong University (approval no. 20150501). Bats were captured with the help of the Mengyin County Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This study was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Funds of China (grant no. 31570167).
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Figures
Technical Appendix
Cite This ArticleOriginal Publication Date: 5/3/2018
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