Figure 1

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Average rubella incidence by province of mainland China during 2010-2012.

Average incidence is color coded according to the legend. The data was taken directly from NNDRS. The map was generated using Mapinfo Professional software (Version 11.0).

2015 Jan 23;5:7999. doi: 10.1038/srep07999.

Evolutionary analysis of rubella viruses in mainland China during 2010-2012: endemic circulation of genotype 1E and introductions of genotype 2B.

Zhu Z1, Rivailler P2, Abernathy E2, Cui A1, Zhang Y1, Mao N1, Xu S1, Zhou S3, Lei Y4, Wang Y5, Zheng H6, He J7, Chen Y8, Li C9, Bo F10, Zhao C11, Chen M12, Lu P13, Li F14, Gu S15, Gao H16, Guo Y17, Chen H18, Feng D19, Wang S20, Tang X21, Lei Y22, Feng Y23, Deng L24, Gong T25, Fan L26, Xu W1, Icenogle J2; Rubella Virology Surveillance Working Group; Rubella Virology Surveillance Working Group.

Abstract

Rubella remains a significant burden in mainland China. In this report, 667 viruses collected in 24 of 31 provinces of mainland China during 2010-2012 were sequenced and analyzed, significantly extending previous reports on limited numbers of viruses collected before 2010. Only viruses of genotypes 1E and 2B were found. Genotype 1E viruses were found in all 24 provinces. Genotype 1E viruses were likely introduced into mainland China around 1997 and endemic transmission of primarily one lineage became established. Viruses reported here from 2010-2012 are largely in a single cluster within this lineage. Genotype 2B viruses were rarely detected in China prior to 2010. This report documents a previously undetected 2B lineage, which likely became endemic in eastern provinces of China between 2010 and 2012. Bayesian analyses were performed to estimate the evolutionary rates and dates of appearance of the genotype 1E and 2B viral linages in China. A skyline plot of viral population diversity did not provide evidence of reduction of diversity as a result of vaccination, but should be useful as a baseline for such reductions as vaccination programs for rubella become widespread in mainland China.