Exposures among MERS Case-Patients, Saudi Arabia, January–February 2016

RIS[TXT - 2 KB]

Suggested citation for this article

To the Editor: Risk factors for primary acquisition of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV) include recent direct contact with dromedary camels (1), but secondary transmission, associated with healthcare settings (2–4) or household contact (5), accounts for most reported cases. Because persons with MERS often do not report any of these risk factors, we investigated MERS cases in Saudi Arabia during an apparent period of limited hospital transmission. Through telephone interviews of case-patients and information from routine investigations, we aimed to characterize exposures and to explore additional factors potentially important in disease transmission. We also genetically sequenced MERS-CoV from respiratory specimens to identify circulating strains.

For confirmed MERS cases (6) reported in Saudi Arabia during January–February 2016, we assessed exposures during the 2 weeks before illness onset (exposure period), including direct (1) and indirect camel contact; indirect contact was defined as 1) having visited settings where camels were kept but without having direct contact or 2) exposure to friends or household members who themselves had direct camel exposure (1). We assessed whether case-patients had worked at, visited, or been admitted to a healthcare setting or had contact with a person known to have MERS during the case-patient’s exposure period. We also asked about recent travel and if any household members were healthcare personnel. For persons too ill to participate or deceased, we interviewed relatives or close friends.

We classified as secondary any case identified through routine case-contact tracing and testing. We considered persons whose cases were identified through routine testing of occupational contacts of MERS-CoV–positive camels to have had direct camel contact. For the remaining cases, we used interview responses to characterize exposures.

All MERS cases reported during January–February 2016 were confirmed in Saudi Arabia by testing of respiratory specimens with real-time reverse transcription PCR assays targeting the MERS-CoV upstream envelope protein gene and the open reading frame (ORF) 1a gene (7,8). Available specimens (or RNA extracts) were shipped to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA) for full genome sequencing. Methods for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have been described previously (9).

During January–February 2016, a total of 27 MERS case-patients were reported by public health officials from 6 of the 13 administrative regions of Saudi Arabia (Technical Appendix 1). Case-patients were evaluated at 20 different hospitals, 3 of which reported >1 case during the investigation period. Among the 27 case-patients, 4 (15%) were identified through routine contact tracing and testing as having secondary cases. Two case-patients (7%) were identified as occupational contacts of MERS-CoV–positive camels. Of the remaining 21 case-patients, 17 (81%) were interviewed during March 13–16, 2016; three were unavailable for interview, and 1 provided incomplete data. Ten (59%) of the 17 interviews were completed by proxy.

Among the 17 case-patients interviewed, 5 (29%) reported direct camel contact (1 of these also reported visiting a healthcare facility), and 4 (24%) reported indirect camel contact (2 of these also reported visiting a healthcare facility) during the exposure period (Technical Appendix 1). Three case-patients reported having close acquaintances who regularly interacted with camels but reported they had not seen these acquaintances during the exposure period. One case-patient was the spouse of a healthcare worker employed in a facility with a reported MERS patient during the putative exposure period; the spouse was found to be MERS-CoV–negative by real-time reverse transcription PCR of a respiratory specimen. The 4 remaining cases could not be further characterized.

Viruses from 13 of the 27 case-patients were sequenced, and all belonged to the MERS-CoV recombinant subclade NRC-2015 (9), first detected in humans in January 2015; these 13 case-patients were from the Riyadh and Makkah regions. Full genome sequences were obtained from the specimens of 11 case-patients (Technical Appendix 2. Continued and predominant circulation of NRC-2015 supports increased epidemiologic fitness compared with other clades, as postulated previously (9).

A novel nucleotide substitution was identified in the MERS-CoV sequence from 1 case-patient (Technical Appendix 1) at position 337 located in the stop codon of ORF8b (TAA [Stop] >CAA [Gln] = Stop113Q), predicted to yield a 143aa protein versus the 112aa wild-type. ORF8b is an internal ORF overlapped by the nucleocapsid protein gene (10); the corresponding substitution in the nucleocapsid protein gene predicts a conserved amino acid change (V178A). The virologic and clinical significance of these findings is unknown.

Since the emergence of MERS-CoV in 2012, virus acquisition has been associated with direct exposure to camels (1) and with person-to-person transmission in households and healthcare settings (2–5); other sources of infection are less clear. Among the patients in our study whose cases were successfully characterized (23/27), 4 had contact with other known case-patients, and 7 reported direct camel contact. Among the remaining 12 case-patients without these risk factors, 7 were identified as having at least some exposure to persons with direct camel contact. Our findings suggest that community and household exposure to persons with direct camel contact might play a role in MERS-CoV acquisition. Further investigation is needed to determine any specific roles of these interactions in MERS-CoV transmission.

Raafat F. Alhakeem, Claire M. Midgley

, Abdullah M. Assiri, Mohammed Alessa, Hassan Al Hawaj, Abdulaziz Bin Saeed, Malak M. Almasri, Xiaoyan Lu, Glen R. Abedi, Osman Abdalla, Mutaz Mohammed, Homoud S. Algarni, Hail M. Al-Abdely, Ali Abraheem Alsharef, Randa Nooh, Dean D. Erdman, Susan I. Gerber, and John T. Watson

Author affiliations: Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (R.F. Alhakeem, A.M. Assiri, M. Alessa, H. Al Hawaj, A. Bin Saeed, M.M. Almasri, O. Abdalla, M. Mohammed, H.S. Algarni, H.M. Al-Abdely, A.A. Alsharef, R. Nooh); US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.M. Midgley, X. Lu, G.R. Abedi, D.D. Erdman. S.I. Gerber, J.T. Watson)

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Senthilkumar K. Sakthivel and Shifaq Kamili for specimen shipment and processing.

This work was funded by the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health and the US CDC as part of an emergency response. The authors declare no competing interests.

References

Alraddadi BM, Watson JT, Almarashi A, Abedi GR, Turkistani A, Sadran M, Risk factors for primary Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:49–55 .DOI
Assiri A, Abedi GR, Bin Saeed AA, Abdalla MA, al-Masry M, Choudhry AJ, Multifacility outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:32–40 .DOI
Balkhy HH, Alenazi TH, Alshamrani MM, Baffoe-Bonnie H, Al-Abdely HM, El-Saed A, Notes from the field: nosocomial outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in a large tertiary care hospital—Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:163–4 .DOI
Oboho IK, Tomczyk SM, Al-Asmari AM, Banjar AA, Al-Mugti H, Aloraini MS, 2014 MERS-CoV outbreak in Jeddah—a link to health care facilities. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:846–54 .DOI
Drosten C, Meyer B, Müller MA, Corman VM, Al-Masri M, Hossain R, Transmission of MERS-coronavirus in household contacts. N Engl J Med.2014;371:828–35 .DOI
Command and Control Center Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health. Infection prevention and control guidelines for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Third edition [cited 2016 Aug 26]. http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/CCC/Regulations/2015%20update.pdf
Corman VM, Müller MA, Costabel U, Timm J, Binger T, Meyer B, Assays for laboratory confirmation of novel human coronavirus (hCoV-EMC) infections. Euro Surveill. 2012;17:20334.
World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus—interim guidance [cited 2016 Aug 26].http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/mers-laboratory-testing
Assiri AM, Midgley CM, Abedi GR, Bin Saeed A, Almasri MM, Lu X, Epidemiology of a novel recombinant MERS-CoV in humans in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:712–21 .DOI
van Boheemen S, de Graaf M, Lauber C, Bestebroer TM, Raj VS, Zaki AM, Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. MBio. 2012;3:e00473–12 .DOI

Technical Appendices

Suggested citation for this article: Alhakeem RF, Midgley CM, Assiri AM, Alessa M, Al Hawaj H, Bin Saeed A, et al. Exposures among MERS case-patients, Saudi Arabia, January–February 2016 [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Nov [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2211.161042

DOI: 10.3201/eid2211.161042