PARV4-like Virus in Blood Products | CDC EID

EID Journal Home > Volume 16, Number 3–March 2010

Volume 16, Number 3–March 2010
Dispatch
Parvovirus 4–like Virus in Blood Products
Jozsef Szelei, Kaiyu Liu, Yi Li, Sandra Fernandes, and Peter Tijssen
Author affiliations: Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada (J. Szelei, K. Liu, Yi Li, S. Fernandes, P. Tijssen); and Central People's Republic of China Normal University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (Y. Li)

Suggested citation for this article

Abstract
Porcine plasma and factor VIII preparations were screened for parvovirus 4 (PARV)–like viruses. Although the prevalence of PARV4-like viruses in plasma samples was relatively low, viruses appeared to be concentrated during manufacture of factor VIII. PARV4-like viruses from human and porcine origins coevolved likewise with their hosts.
In 2005, a previously unknown virus, parvovirus 4 (PARV4), was detected in a plasma sample from a hepatitis B–positive injection drug user (IDU) (1). Although PARV4 was subsequently detected in plasma from healthy donors, its prevalence is higher in samples from IDUs, AIDS patients, and hepatitis C virus–infected persons (2,3). In recent serologic studies, 67% of HIV-infected IDUs had antibodies to PARV4, whereas non-IDU controls were seronegative (4) This increased prevalence in IDUs and persons with hemophilia most likely reflects parenteral transmission of the virus (4,5). Furthermore, PARV4 was frequently detected in human coagulation factor concentrates prepared from older plasma samples (6). The lower detection frequency in current concentrates may be due to exclusion of high-risk batches, e.g., from IDU or hepatitis C virus–infected persons during plasma collection, and to improved purification methods. The presence of PARV4 in plasma suggests a viremic phase enabling spread of the virus to different organs. Even though recent studies by Kleinman et al. indicate that parvovirus B19 is not readily transmitted to susceptible hosts by blood component transfusion, similar evaluation of PARV4 transmission will be invaluable in assessing the need to routinely screen for this emerging virus (7).

PARV4 contains a 5-kb single-stranded DNA genome with inverted terminal repeats and a large open reading frame (ORF) in each half of the genome coding for nonstructural protein (NS) and structural protein, respectively. PARV4-like viruses form a separate cluster among the parvoviruses (1,8). Three genotypes of human PARV4 parvoviruses with ≈93% nucleotide sequence identity have been described. The sequence of genotype 1 (PARV4-g1) is highly conserved, whereas that of genotype 2 (PARV4-g2 [formerly PARV5]) is somewhat more diverse. PARV4-g2 is found mostly in older coagulation factor concentrates (1960s–1980s), suggesting that genotype 1 emerged recently (6,8). A third genotype (PARV4-g3) was isolated from persons in sub-Saharan Africa (9). Additionally, PARV4-like viruses with a 60%–65% nucleotide identity were recently identified at high frequencies in porcine and bovine tissue samples in People's Republic of China (10).

In this study, porcine plasma samples and factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates used by persons with hemophilia who have autoimmune antibodies against human FVIII were investigated for PARV4-like viruses. We then determined the degree of identity of these isolates with the human virus.

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Suggested Citation for this Article
Szelei J, Liu K, Li Y, Fernandes S, Tijssen P. Parvovirus 4–like virus in blood products. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2010 Mar [date cited]. http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/16/3/561.htm

DOI: 10.3210/eid1603.090746