Invasive Infections with Multidrug-Resistant Yeast Candida auris, Colombia

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Abstract

Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungus that causes a wide range of symptoms. We report finding 17 cases of C. auris infection that were originally misclassified but correctly identified 27.5 days later on average. Patients with a delayed diagnosis of C. auris had a 30-day mortality rate of 35.2%.

Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungus that causes a wide range of infections that are sometimes associated with high mortality rates (1–4). C. auris was first isolated in Japan and described as a new species in 2009 (5). In 2011, it was described as a cause of fungemia in South Korea (4) and was later isolated from patients in India (2), South Africa (6), Kuwait (3), and Venezuela (1).

We report 17 clinical isolates of C. auris recovered from 17 patients hospitalized in 6 institutions in the northern region of Colombia from February through July 2016. We reviewed patient medical records; analyzed microbiological, demographic, and clinical variables; and evaluated the mortality rate 30 days after yeast isolation. The initial pathogen identification was made with the method available at each institution: VITEK 2 system (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Étoile, France); Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA); MicroScan AutoSCAN 4 and MicroScan Walkaway (Beckman Coulter, Brea, California, USA); and API Candida (bioMérieux) (Table). Given the unusual prevalence of C. haemulonii and discordance in the micromorphologic characteristics of some isolates, we cultured strains in CHROMagar Candida medium (CHROMagar Candida, Paris, France) and identified them by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-fight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany). All the isolates showed pink colonies on CHROMagar Candida medium and were identified as C. auris by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (scores >2.0).

We tested yeast isolates for in vitro susceptibility by VITEK cards (caspofungin, micafungin, fluconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B). Additionally, we performed the agar diffusion method using Etest strips (bioMérieux, France) to amphotericin B according to the manufacturer’s instructions. C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 was used as the control. The range, mode, MIC50, and MIC90 were calculated.

Of the 17 patients, 9 were men (52.9%); age range was 0–77 years (median 36 years). Fifteen (88.2%) were hospitalized in intensive care units and 2 in medical wards; no patients were transferred between hospitals.

Blood samples from 13 (76.4%) patients showed fungemia; for the remaining 4, C. auris was isolated from peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, bone, or urine (Table). Most patients had a central venous catheter (n = 16, 94.1%), a urinary catheter (n = 15, 88.2%), and mechanical ventilation (n = 10, 58.8%). Additionally, some had risk factors described previously for candidemia: erythrocyte transfusion (n = 12, 70.5%), parenteral nutrition (n = 8, 47%), abdominal surgery (n = 7, 41.1%), hemodialysis (n = 5, 29.4%), diabetes (n = 3, 17.6%), pancreatitis (n = 2, 11.7%), cancer (n = 2, 11.7%), and HIV infection (n = 1, 5.8%).

The average number of days from hospitalization to isolation of C. auris was 27.5 days (SD ± 19.9 days). Before the isolation of C. auris, 15 (88.2%) and 12 (70.6%) patients received broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy and antifungal therapy, respectively. Of the latter, 8 received fluconazole, 2 caspofungin, 1 fluconazole and caspofungin, and 1 fluconazole, caspofungin, and anidulafungin (given at a different time periods) (Table). The time from isolation of C. auris to the initial application of effective antifungal therapy averaged 3.7 days. The 30-day mortality rate in all patients and in those who had fungemia was 35.2% and 38.4%, respectively.

C. auris is phylogenetically related to C. haemulonii, for which it is often mistaken with the methods currently used for identification (2–6). Our isolates were originally misidentified as C. haemulonii, C. famata, C. albicans, or C. tropicalis, depending on the method used in the hospital. The identification of isolates by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has also been described in the literature as an adequate and fast method for identifying C. auris (7).

Because the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute does not currently provide breakpoints for C. auris, no categorical interpretation of results is available; thus, only the MICs obtained for antifungal drugs tested in our study were indicated (Table). Although misleading, elevated MICs of amphotericin B by VITEK card have been previously described (7); this study also found discrepancies with Etest strips, which could lead to the selection of inappropriate therapy if only 1 method is used.

The presence of C. auris in these patients has clinical and epidemiologic implications, considering the associated mortality rate confirmed in this report and the absence of sufficient technology in clinical laboratories both to confirm their identification and to carry out testing for antifungal susceptibility. The lack of suitable diagnostics complicates patient treatment and changes on the empiric treatment of invasive Candida spp. infections are needed.

Our data contributes to the knowledge of the epidemiology of this species at a regional level. Although we had already reported Candida spp. in Colombia (8), no information regarding these species on the Caribbean coast is available. Given the association of Candida spp. with outbreaks in hospitals, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it is necessary to further strengthen measures for fungal infection control to prevent possible spread.

Ms. Morales-López is a bacteriologist and doctoral candidate in the Microbiology program at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. She works as an associate teacher of medical microbiology at Universidad Popular del Cesar in Valledupar, Colombia. Her areas of interest are medical microbiology and antimicrobial drug resistance.

Soraya E. Morales-López, Claudia M. Parra-Giraldo, Andrés Ceballos-Garzón, Heidys P. Martínez, Gerson J. Rodríguez, Carlos A. Álvarez-Moreno, and José Y. Rodríguez

Author affiliations: Universidad Popular del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (S.E. Morales-López, H.P. Martínez); Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (C.M. Parra-Giraldo, A. Ceballos-Garzón); Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas del Cesar (CIMCE), Valledupar, Colombia (G.J. Rodríguez, J.Y. Rodríguez); Clínica Laura Daniela, Valledupar (G.J. Rodríguez, J.Y. Rodríguez); Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá (C.A. Álvarez-Moreno); Clínica Universitaria Colombia, Colsanitas, Colombia (C.A. Álvarez-Moreno)

Acknowledgment

We thank Laura Marcela Ramirez and Juan Sebastian Monroy for their technical support and Heidy Pinzón, Kelin Esquea, Liliana Gómez, Alba Mosquera, Yiceth Acosta, Yenixa Fuentes, Leandro Narváez, Luis Rodrigo Ramírez, and Sindy Jiménez for providing the isolates.

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