Volume 23, Number 4—April 2017
Dispatch
Severe Thrombocytopenia after Zika Virus Infection, Guadeloupe, 2016
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Timothée Boyer Chammard, Kinda Schepers, Sébastien Breurec, Thierry Messiaen, Anne-Laure Destrem, Matthieu Mahevas, Adrien Soulillou, Ludovic Janaud, Elodie Curlier, Cécile Herrmann-Storck, and Bruno Hoen
Abstract
Severe thrombocytopenia during or after the course of Zika virus infection has been rarely reported. We report 7 cases of severe thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic signs and symptoms in Guadeloupe after infection with this virus. Clinical course and laboratory findings strongly suggest a causal link between Zika virus infection and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
Zika virus is an arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. The most common signs and symptoms of Zika virus infection include pruritic rash, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, nonpurulent conjunctivitis, and low-grade fever (1). Signs and symptoms of Zika virus infection are usually mild. However, rare complications, including birth defects, mainly microcephaly (2), and neurologic complications, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningoencephalitis, and acute myelitis, might occur and have been reported during recent outbreaks (3–6). However, severe forms requiring hospitalization are uncommon, and lethality is low (1). In most cases, initial laboratory findings are nonspecific and whole blood cell counts are often within reference ranges (7). Mild-to-moderate thrombocytopenia has been rarely described (8,9), and severe thrombocytopenia has been reported only recently as an uncommon manifestation (10–14).
Severe thrombocytopenia during or after the course of Zika virus infection has been rarely reported. We report 7 cases of severe thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic signs and symptoms in Guadeloupe after infection with this virus. Clinical course and laboratory findings strongly suggest a causal link between Zika virus infection and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
The Study
We report severe thrombocytopenia (i.e., platelet count < 50 × 109/L) (15), which developed during or after the course of acute Zika virus infection in 7 patients who were admitted to the Guadeloupe University Hospital, French West Indies, during May–August 2016. This period coincides with the peak of a Zika outbreak in Guadeloupe.
The 7 patients (5 women and 2 men, mean age 43 years, range 15−74 years) had petechial purpura in the lower limbs (Table). Five of the patients also had additional bleeding signs and symptoms (gingival bleeding, epistaxis, oral hemorrhagic mucosal blisters, and hematuria). These manifestations prompted us to perform blood tests, which showed isolated thrombocytopenia. Results of physical examinations were otherwise unremarkable. All 7 patients had a typical Zika virus infection (median 5 days, range 2–18 days) before diagnosis of thrombocytopenia. Median minimum platelet count was 2 × 109/L (range 1 × 109/L–17 × 109/L). Results of peripheral blood smears were unremarkable for all patients.
We evaluated patients for a differential diagnosis of isolated severe thrombocytopenia. None had recently received a new medication or vaccination or had traveled to an area to which malaria is endemic. No underlying conditions, such as autoimmune or lymphoproliferative disorders, were known or identified for any patient. Four patients had nonsignificantly positive antinuclear antibody titers (1:80–1:160). None of these patients had signs or symptoms of connective tissue disease.
Serologic test results for HIV and hepatitis B virus were negative for all 7 patients. Two of 7 patients had positive serologic results for hepatitis C virus; these 2 patients had negative results for hepatitis C virus RNA in plasma. Serologic test results ruled out diagnoses of acute leptospirosis, cytomegalovirus infection, and Epstein-Barr virus infection for all 7 patients. Six of 7 patients showed negative results for parvovirus B19 infection (1 patient was not tested). We did not test patients for chikungunya virus because this virus had not been detected in Guadeloupe since January 2015.
We tested patients for infection with Zika virus and dengue virus (DENV) by using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for urine samples <6 days of onset of purpura. Results of RT-PCR were positive for Zika virus and negative for DENV for all patients. In addition, results of serum tests for DENV nonstructural protein 1 were negative for all patients. IgG against DENV was detected in 6 of the 7 patients.
A diagnosis of acute immune mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) was made for all 7 patients. Because of thrombocytopenia severity, all patients received steroid therapy with either prednisone or methylprednisolone at an initial dosage of 1–2 mg/kg/day. Three patients also received intravenous immune globulins (IVIG). Two patients received platelet transfusions. Except for patient 2, platelet counts returned to reference ranges <15 days after treatment initiation for all patients. After >2 months without treatment, no relapse was observed in any patient. We provide additional information on the atypical clinical course that was observed for 3 of the patients.
Patient 1 had a history of refractory ITP. She had been treated for primary ITP during 2004–2007 with steroids and IVIG, followed by vinblastine and danazol, and eventually splenectomy, which was curative. In 2014, an acute chikungunya virus infection caused a relapse of ITP, which fully responded to a short-course steroid treatment. During 2014–2016, she remained asymptomatic and had a platelet count > 100 × 109/L. In May 2016, she was hospitalized 2 days after onset of a typical Zika virus infection. The patient had petechiae in the upper and lower limbs and a platelet count of 17 × 109/L. Her clinical course rapidly became favorable after steroid therapy, and she had a platelet count of 172 × 109/L by day 5 of steroid therapy. She was the only patient who did not have IgG against DENV.
Patient 2 responded only partially to steroids and IVIG and had a maximum platelet count of 92 × 109/L at day 14 after treatment initiation. While she was underdoing tapering of steroid treatment, palate petechiae appeared on day 39 (platelet count 9 × 109/L). Prednisone (1 mg/kg/day) was given for 10 days and was followed by a sustained recovery of the platelet count.
Patient 7 had severe hemorrhagic manifestations (gross hematuria and oral hemorrhagic blisters) and platelet count of 1 × 109/L. He hospitalized in an intensive care unit and received steroid therapy, IVIG, and platelet transfusion. The patient showed a full response to treatment (platelet count 169 × 109/L at day 7 of treatment).
We report severe thrombocytopenia (i.e., platelet count < 50 × 109/L) (15), which developed during or after the course of acute Zika virus infection in 7 patients who were admitted to the Guadeloupe University Hospital, French West Indies, during May–August 2016. This period coincides with the peak of a Zika outbreak in Guadeloupe.
The 7 patients (5 women and 2 men, mean age 43 years, range 15−74 years) had petechial purpura in the lower limbs (Table). Five of the patients also had additional bleeding signs and symptoms (gingival bleeding, epistaxis, oral hemorrhagic mucosal blisters, and hematuria). These manifestations prompted us to perform blood tests, which showed isolated thrombocytopenia. Results of physical examinations were otherwise unremarkable. All 7 patients had a typical Zika virus infection (median 5 days, range 2–18 days) before diagnosis of thrombocytopenia. Median minimum platelet count was 2 × 109/L (range 1 × 109/L–17 × 109/L). Results of peripheral blood smears were unremarkable for all patients.
We evaluated patients for a differential diagnosis of isolated severe thrombocytopenia. None had recently received a new medication or vaccination or had traveled to an area to which malaria is endemic. No underlying conditions, such as autoimmune or lymphoproliferative disorders, were known or identified for any patient. Four patients had nonsignificantly positive antinuclear antibody titers (1:80–1:160). None of these patients had signs or symptoms of connective tissue disease.
Serologic test results for HIV and hepatitis B virus were negative for all 7 patients. Two of 7 patients had positive serologic results for hepatitis C virus; these 2 patients had negative results for hepatitis C virus RNA in plasma. Serologic test results ruled out diagnoses of acute leptospirosis, cytomegalovirus infection, and Epstein-Barr virus infection for all 7 patients. Six of 7 patients showed negative results for parvovirus B19 infection (1 patient was not tested). We did not test patients for chikungunya virus because this virus had not been detected in Guadeloupe since January 2015.
We tested patients for infection with Zika virus and dengue virus (DENV) by using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for urine samples <6 days of onset of purpura. Results of RT-PCR were positive for Zika virus and negative for DENV for all patients. In addition, results of serum tests for DENV nonstructural protein 1 were negative for all patients. IgG against DENV was detected in 6 of the 7 patients.
A diagnosis of acute immune mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) was made for all 7 patients. Because of thrombocytopenia severity, all patients received steroid therapy with either prednisone or methylprednisolone at an initial dosage of 1–2 mg/kg/day. Three patients also received intravenous immune globulins (IVIG). Two patients received platelet transfusions. Except for patient 2, platelet counts returned to reference ranges <15 days after treatment initiation for all patients. After >2 months without treatment, no relapse was observed in any patient. We provide additional information on the atypical clinical course that was observed for 3 of the patients.
Patient 1 had a history of refractory ITP. She had been treated for primary ITP during 2004–2007 with steroids and IVIG, followed by vinblastine and danazol, and eventually splenectomy, which was curative. In 2014, an acute chikungunya virus infection caused a relapse of ITP, which fully responded to a short-course steroid treatment. During 2014–2016, she remained asymptomatic and had a platelet count > 100 × 109/L. In May 2016, she was hospitalized 2 days after onset of a typical Zika virus infection. The patient had petechiae in the upper and lower limbs and a platelet count of 17 × 109/L. Her clinical course rapidly became favorable after steroid therapy, and she had a platelet count of 172 × 109/L by day 5 of steroid therapy. She was the only patient who did not have IgG against DENV.
Patient 2 responded only partially to steroids and IVIG and had a maximum platelet count of 92 × 109/L at day 14 after treatment initiation. While she was underdoing tapering of steroid treatment, palate petechiae appeared on day 39 (platelet count 9 × 109/L). Prednisone (1 mg/kg/day) was given for 10 days and was followed by a sustained recovery of the platelet count.
Patient 7 had severe hemorrhagic manifestations (gross hematuria and oral hemorrhagic blisters) and platelet count of 1 × 109/L. He hospitalized in an intensive care unit and received steroid therapy, IVIG, and platelet transfusion. The patient showed a full response to treatment (platelet count 169 × 109/L at day 7 of treatment).
Conclusions
From the beginning of the current Zika outbreak in the Americas to November 2016, nine case-patients with severe Zika virus–associated thrombocytopenia have been reported, 1 in Suriname (10), 4 in Colombia (11,12), 2 in Puerto Rico (13), and 2 in Martinique (14). We report information for these 9 case-patients and the 7 patients we analyzed in Guadeloupe (Table).
The 16 patients had similar characteristics. First, all had severe and profound thrombocytopenia (platelet counts < 20 × 109/L). Second, probably as a consequence of thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic manifestations developed in all but 1 patient. Third, thrombocytopenia was present shortly after acute Zika virus infection, and Zika virus RNA was still detected in urine from 11 of the 12 patients for whom RT-PCR for Zika virus was performed.
Overall, despite the severity of thrombocytopenia, the outcome was generally favorable after conventional steroid treatment with or without IVIG. Among the 4 patients who died, only 1 patient had isolated thrombocytopenia; this patient died of hemorrhagic complications (13). The other 3 patients had various systemic signs and symptoms and thrombocytopenia; thrombocytopenia was the direct cause of death for only 1 patient (11).
For the 7 patients in Guadeloupe, we were able to exclude all other main causes of isolated severe thrombocytopenia, especially DENV infection. Because all 7 patients still had a positive RT-PCR result for Zika virus in urine when thrombocytopenia was diagnosed, we can reasonably assume that ITP was secondary to Zika virus infection. As reported for other viruses, Zika virus–associated ITP might result from stimulation of the immune system, which usually decreases after clearance of viral replication. The mechanism of thrombocytopenia was probably different in patients 1 and 16 (12), in whom thrombocytopenia appeared as a relapse of previous ITP.
In conclusion, thrombocytopenia is a rare complication of Zika virus infection. Our observations strongly suggest a causal relationship between Zika virus infection and ITP. Therefore, Zika virus should be included in the list of viruses that might trigger immune-mediated severe thrombocytopenia.
Dr. Boyer Chammard is a physician in the Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, and Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of Guadeloupe, Pointe-à-Pitre, France. His research interests include arboviruses, tropical medicine, and HIV infection.
From the beginning of the current Zika outbreak in the Americas to November 2016, nine case-patients with severe Zika virus–associated thrombocytopenia have been reported, 1 in Suriname (10), 4 in Colombia (11,12), 2 in Puerto Rico (13), and 2 in Martinique (14). We report information for these 9 case-patients and the 7 patients we analyzed in Guadeloupe (Table).
The 16 patients had similar characteristics. First, all had severe and profound thrombocytopenia (platelet counts < 20 × 109/L). Second, probably as a consequence of thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic manifestations developed in all but 1 patient. Third, thrombocytopenia was present shortly after acute Zika virus infection, and Zika virus RNA was still detected in urine from 11 of the 12 patients for whom RT-PCR for Zika virus was performed.
Overall, despite the severity of thrombocytopenia, the outcome was generally favorable after conventional steroid treatment with or without IVIG. Among the 4 patients who died, only 1 patient had isolated thrombocytopenia; this patient died of hemorrhagic complications (13). The other 3 patients had various systemic signs and symptoms and thrombocytopenia; thrombocytopenia was the direct cause of death for only 1 patient (11).
For the 7 patients in Guadeloupe, we were able to exclude all other main causes of isolated severe thrombocytopenia, especially DENV infection. Because all 7 patients still had a positive RT-PCR result for Zika virus in urine when thrombocytopenia was diagnosed, we can reasonably assume that ITP was secondary to Zika virus infection. As reported for other viruses, Zika virus–associated ITP might result from stimulation of the immune system, which usually decreases after clearance of viral replication. The mechanism of thrombocytopenia was probably different in patients 1 and 16 (12), in whom thrombocytopenia appeared as a relapse of previous ITP.
In conclusion, thrombocytopenia is a rare complication of Zika virus infection. Our observations strongly suggest a causal relationship between Zika virus infection and ITP. Therefore, Zika virus should be included in the list of viruses that might trigger immune-mediated severe thrombocytopenia.
Dr. Boyer Chammard is a physician in the Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, and Internal Medicine, University Medical Center of Guadeloupe, Pointe-à-Pitre, France. His research interests include arboviruses, tropical medicine, and HIV infection.
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