Subsequent Neoplasms in 5-Year Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study -- Friedman et al. 102 (14): 1083 -- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Journal of the National Cancer Institute Advance Access originally published online on July 15, 2010
JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2010-102(14):1083-1095; doi:10.1093/jnci/djq238


© The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press.

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ARTICLES


Subsequent Neoplasms in 5-Year Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Debra L. Friedman, John Whitton, Wendy Leisenring, Ann C. Mertens, Sue Hammond, Marilyn Stovall, Sarah S. Donaldson, Anna T. Meadows, Leslie L. Robison, Joseph P. Neglia

Affiliations of authors: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (DLF); Division of Public Health Sciences and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (JW, WL); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (WL); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (ACM); Department of Pathology, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (SH); Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (MS); Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (SSD); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (ATM); Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (LLR); Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (JPN)

Correspondence to: Debra L. Friedman, MD, MS, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, 397 Preston Research Building, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232 (e-mail: debra.l.friedman@vanderbilt.edu).

Background: The occurrence of subsequent neoplasms has direct impact on the quantity and quality of life in cancer survivors. We have expanded our analysis of these events in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) to better understand the occurrence of these events as the survivor population ages.

Methods: The incidence of and risk for subsequent neoplasms occurring 5 years or more after the childhood cancer diagnosis were determined among 14 359 5-year survivors in the CCSS who were treated from 1970 through 1986 and who were at a median age of 30 years (range = 5–56 years) for this analysis. At 30 years after childhood cancer diagnosis, we calculated cumulative incidence at 30 years of subsequent neoplasms and calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), excess absolute risks (EARs) for invasive second malignant neoplasms, and relative risks for subsequent neoplasms by use of multivariable Poisson regression.

Results: Among 14 359 5-year survivors, 1402 subsequently developed 2703 neoplasms. Cumulative incidence at 30 years after the childhood cancer diagnosis was 20.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 19.1% to 21.8%) for all subsequent neoplasms, 7.9% (95% CI = 7.2% to 8.5%) for second malignant neoplasms (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer), 9.1% (95% CI = 8.1% to 10.1%) for nonmelanoma skin cancer, and 3.1% (95% CI = 2.5% to 3.8%) for meningioma. Excess risk was evident for all primary diagnoses (EAR = 2.6 per 1000 person-years, 95% CI = 2.4 to 2.9 per 1000 person-years; SIR = 6.0, 95% CI = 5.5 to 6.4), with the highest being for Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 8.7, 95% CI = 7.7 to 9.8) and Ewing sarcoma (SIR = 8.5, 95% CI = 6.2 to 11.7). In the Poisson multivariable analysis, female sex, older age at diagnosis, earlier treatment era, diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma, and treatment with radiation therapy were associated with increased risk of subsequent neoplasm.

Conclusions: As childhood cancer survivors progress through adulthood, risk of subsequent neoplasms increases. Patients surviving Hodgkin lymphoma are at greatest risk. There is no evidence of risk reduction with increasing duration of follow-up.

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Subsequent Neoplasms in 5-Year Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study -- Friedman et al. 102 (14): 1083 -- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute