Volume 26, Number 3—March 2020
Research Letter
Coccidioidomycosis Skin Testing in a Commercially Insured Population, United States, 2014–20171
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Kaitlin Benedict
, Orion Z. McCotter, and Brendan R. Jackson
, Orion Z. McCotter, and Brendan R. JacksonAbstract
Coccidioidomycosis skin testing appears to be uncommon, based on US health insurance claims data. Patient demographic features were consistent with the approval of the test for adults, but few patients had previous coccidioidomycosis diagnosis codes supporting its use for detecting delayed-type hypersensitivity in those with a history of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.
Coccidioidal skin testing has been a valuable epidemiologic and clinical tool for estimating the prevalence of previous Coccidioides spp. exposure and monitoring treatment response (1–3). Such testing could also be useful for evaluating healthy persons’ risk of developing coccidioidomycosis (3). The skin test became commercially available again in 2014 after more than a decade; it is approved for adults 18–64 of age who have a history of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis (3,4). However, little is known about its use in the general population with unknown exposure to Coccidioides. We describe features of patients who have employer-sponsored insurance who received a Coccidioides skin test.
We used the IBM MarketScan Research Databases () to identify patients with a Current Procedural Terminology (CPT; ) code for a coccidioidomycosis skin test during 2014–2017. MarketScan health insurance claims data include outpatient visits and prescriptions and hospitalizations for employees, dependents, and retirees, representing >25% of all employer-sponsored beneficiaries throughout the United States. This analysis was not subject to review by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention institutional review board because the data are fully deidentified.
We accessed the data through MarketScan Treatment Pathways, a web-based platform that includes data from persons with health insurance plans that contribute prescription drug data to MarketScan. We limited the analysis to patients continuously enrolled during the 3 months before and after the skin test. We examined periods up to 3 years before and 1 year after; because the primary features of interest did not change substantially, we focused on the smaller period to retain a larger study population.
We analyzed patient demographics; visits within 3 days to estimate the proportion who returned to have their test results read after 48 hours (compared with patients with a CPT code for tuberculosis skin testing); coccidioidomycosis diagnoses (International Classification of Diseases [ICD], 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, codes 115.00–115.99; ICD, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification, code B38); laboratory testing; and fluconazole prescriptions. We also examined certain underlying medical conditions and assessed the cost of skin test claims to patients and insurers among patients with noncapitated health plans.
Among ≈57 million MarketScan enrollees, 505 had a coccidioidomycosis skin test; 407 of those were continuously enrolled. Of those 407, most (n = 391, 89%) were 18–64 years of age, female (n = 243, 60%), and in California (n = 367, 90%) (Table). Thirty-five percent had a code for a subsequent visit within 3 days, compared with 24% of 1,061,118 patients who had a tuberculosis skin test. Test results were not available.
In the 3 months before the skin test, 5% had a coccidioidomycosis diagnosis code, 5% had a coccidioidomycosis serologic test code, and 5% had a fluconazole prescription. On the skin test date and in the 3 months after, 7% had a coccidioidomycosis diagnosis code, 15% had a serologic test, and 9% had a fluconazole prescription. Forty-four patients (11%) had noncapitated health plans; among those, the mean cost of skin test claims was $43.66 (range $0–$264). Mean costs were $31.57 (range $0–$184) to insurers and $12.09 (range $0–$264) to patients.
In the context of the large at-risk population in Coccidioides-endemic areas, coccidioidomycosis skin testing appears to be uncommon in this privately insured population. Real-world data on the test’s use and performance in the general population are lacking, although it performs well for risk-stratifying prison inmates (5). Reasons for its low use could be its limited approved clinical indication to detect delayed-type hypersensitivity to Coccidioides in persons with a known history of disease or that the clinical implications of such testing may be unclear. Cost may also play a role, although it is unclear why most patients had capitated health plans. Reasons why most tests were performed in California rather than in Arizona (states where most coccidioidomycosis cases occur) are unknown.
Patient age was consistent with the test’s approval for use in adults. However, few patients had coccidioidomycosis diagnosis codes, suggesting possible use of this test to screen for immunity in those with unknown exposure to Coccidioides, which has not been evaluated. Another explanation for the low frequency of coccidioidomycosis diagnosis codes in the 3 months before testing is a more distant coccidioidomycosis history. We observed laboratory testing and fluconazole prescription patterns that suggest that the test might be occasionally used as a supplemental diagnostic tool.
Patient return visit rate (35%) was comparable to that of tuberculosis skin testing. This proportion could appear falsely low if providers chose not to bill for reading the test results. In addition to lack of test results, limitations of this analysis include potential coding misclassification.
In summary, skin testing could be useful for evaluating healthy persons’ risk of developing coccidioidomycosis but appears to be rare, even in endemic areas. Determining features of patients who receive a coccidioidomycosis skin test and assessing clinicians’ knowledge and attitudes could provide insight into the test’s clinical and epidemiologic value.
Ms. Benedict is an epidemiologist in the Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Her research interests include the epidemiology and prevention of fungal infections.
References
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- Smith CE, Whiting EG, Baker EE, Rosenberger HG, Beard RR, Saito MT. The use of coccidioidin. Am Rev Tuberc. 1948;57:330–60.
- Wack EE, Ampel NM, Sunenshine RH, Galgiani JN. The return of delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing for coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:787–91.
- Johnson R, Kernerman SM, Sawtelle BG, Rastogi SC, Nielsen HS, Ampel NM. A reformulated spherule-derived coccidioidin (Spherusol) to detect delayed-type hypersensitivity in coccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia. 2012;174:353–8.
- Wheeler C, Lucas KD, Derado G, McCotter O, Tharratt RS, Chiller T, et al. Risk stratification with coccidioidal skin test to prevent Valley fever among inmates, California, 2015. J Correct Health Care. 2018;24:342–51.
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Cite This ArticleOriginal Publication Date: 2/4/2020
1This work was presented in part at the 63rd Annual Coccidioidomycosis Study Group Conference, Sacramento, California, USA, April 5–6, 2019.
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