Background
European elder is a tree native to Europe and parts of Asia and Africa, and it also grows in the United States. Various parts of the tree, including its fruit (elderberry) and flowers (elder flower), have been used for health purposes.
How Much Do We Know?
A small number of studies in people have evaluated European elder for various health conditions. Some of these studies used products that included several ingredients, so the actions of individual ingredients are unclear.
What Have We Learned?
Although some preliminary research indicates that elderberry may relieve flu symptoms, the evidence is not strong enough to support its use for this purpose.
A few studies have suggested that combination products containing elder flower and other herbs might be useful for sinusitis, but because the products contain multiple ingredients, it’s unclear what role, if any, elder flower plays in their effects.
There’s not enough information to show whether elder flower and elderberry are helpful for any other purposes.
What Do We Know About Safety?
The leaves, stems, raw and unripe berries, and other parts of the elder tree contain a toxic substance. If not properly prepared, they may cause nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhea. Because the substance may also be present in the flower, consuming large amounts of the flower might be harmful; however, no illnesses caused by elder flower have been reported.
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