What is PTSD?

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental condition that develops after exposure to extreme stress or a traumatic event. While the majority of people will resolve the short-term distress such an event causes, individuals with PTSD continue to be affected for much longer.

PTSD is characterized by a variety of cognitive, behavioral and physiological symptoms related to: re-experiencing the event, avoiding reminders of it, and physiological hyperarousal (such as insomnia or irritability). It is estimated to affect up to 10% of people at some stage of their lives, but prevalence rates in people who have suffered a traumatic event may be close to 100%.

Soldier talking to counselor. Image Credit: SpeedKingz / Shutterstock

What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been used for the treatment of PTSD for many years. It aims to improve a person’s functioning by changing their patterns of behaviors, thoughts and feelings. It is based on the premise that improvements in one domain lead to benefits in the others. For example, changing detrimental thoughts to be more helpful can help to improve a person’s mood and lead to healthier behaviors. It is usually administered over 12-16 sessions to an individual or a group.

CBT for PTSD

Some techniques employed by therapists when administering CBT:

Modifying cognitive distortions (e.g. overgeneralizing bad situations or having negative expectations) and develop more balanced, beneficial ways of thinking.
Exposing patients to reminders of the trauma, in a controlled manner, to enable them to confront, rather than avoid, their distress.
Educating the patient about common reactions to trauma, planning for potential crises and teaching them to manage stress and promote relaxation

These methods are intended to help the person gain a more objective understanding of their traumatic experience, return their sense of control and self-confidence, and improve their ability to cope and reduce avoidance behaviors.

Benefits of CBT

The beneficial effects of CBT are generally attributed to modifying the detrimental cognitive distortions experienced by sufferers of PTSD. Response to CBT has also been associated with physiological, functional neuroimaging, and electroencephalographic changes, including:

A greater decrease in heart rate reactivity and an improvement in blood pressure response on standing in PTSD patients after CBT
Non-responders to CBT have shown significantly poorer verbal memory than responders and were also found to have impaired narrative encoding
Motor vehicle accident survivors who received CBT had a greater reduction of right anterior activation of spontaneous electroencephalographic activity compared with controls. Across both groups, a reduction in PTSD symptoms was positively correlated with a decrease in right anterior activation to the trauma stimulus
CBT response was associated with functional magnetic resonance imaging responses of the brain (with poor response correlating with greater bilateral amygdala and ventral anterior cingulate activation in response to masked fearful faces). This enhanced amygdala response may indicate a reduced ability to manage the anxiety reactions that CBT triggers, limiting response to therapy

How Does CBT Compare with Other Therapies?

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is another widely used therapy for PTSD with similar efficacy to CBT. This approach was originally developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro, who noticed that disturbing thoughts were alleviated by certain eye movements. It is based on the idea that negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors are caused by inadequately processed memories. The technique requires the patient to focus on distressing images, while engaging in additional bilateral sensory input, typically side-to-side eye movements. Although generally found to be equally efficacious as CBT, controversy exists over whether the benefits of EMDR are due to voluntary eye movements altering excitatory/inhibitory elements in the brain, or its similar properties to CBT, such as desensitization and exposure.

CBT has been found to be a safe and effective therapy for both acute and chronic PTSD, after a variety of traumatic experiences, in adults and children, across many cultures. It is associated with better remission rates than other supportive therapies: supportive psychotherapy, problem-solving therapy, present-centered therapy, psycho-dynamic therapy, acupuncture, hypnotherapy, and structured writing therapy. However, studies have shown that the number of PTSD patients who do not respond to CBT can be as high as 50%. Dropouts are common, and many patients do not manage to attain remission. This may be due to a number of factors, such as other comorbid conditions (e.g. depression) and the nature of the study population (e.g. less education, lower level of functioning).

Over the long term, CBT improves overall symptom severity compared with non-CBT but not the overall diagnostic status of patients. Patients who receive CBT report less intense PTSD symptoms than patients who receive supportive counseling.

There is some evidence to suggest that CBT may also have preventative benefits, but study findings are mixed, and more research is needed in this area. A review and meta-analysis recommended no use of psychological intervention following traumatic events for prevention of PTSD, and also indicated that interventions may have an adverse effect on some people.

There does not appear to be a benefit in combining CBT with pharmacotherapy. The Australian Clinical Practice Guidelines for PTSD recommend that trauma-focused psychological therapy (CBT or EMDR) be used over medication.

Conclusion

CBT is an effective therapy for acute and chronic PTSD, in children and adults, across many cultures, following a variety of traumatic events, with both short- and long-term benefits attributed to both psychological and neurophysiological changes.

Sources

www.apa.org/.../cognitive-behavioral-therapy.aspx
http://www.ptsduk.org/what-is-ptsd/
Shapiro F. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures. Second edition 2001. The Guildford Press, NY, USA.
Kar N. Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2011;7:167–181.
Syros I. Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of PTSD. Eur J Psychotraumatol2017;(sup4):1351219.
Yehuda R. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:108-114.