Class 2 CRISPR/Cas: an expanding biotechnology toolbox for and beyond genome editing

Yuyi TangEmail author and
Yan FuEmail author

Cell & Bioscience20188:59

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-018-0255-x

Received: 16 June 2018
Accepted: 26 October 2018
Published: 12 November 2018

Abstract

Artificial nuclease-dependent DNA cleavage systems (zinc-finger nuclease, ZFN; transcription activator like effectors, TALENs) and exogenous nucleic acid defense systems (CRISPR/Cas) have been used in the new era for genome modification. The most widely used toolbox for genome editing, modulation and detection contains Types II, V and VI of CRISPR/Cas Class 2 systems, categorized and characterized by Cas9, Cas12a and Cas13 respectively. In this review, we (1) elaborate on the definition, classification, structures of CRISPR/Cas Class 2 systems; (2) advance our understanding of new molecular mechanisms and recent progress in their applications, especially beyond genome-editing applications; (3) provide the insights on the specificity, efficiency and versatility of each tool; (4) elaborate the enhancement on specificity and efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas toolbox. The expanding and concerted usage of the CRISPR/Cas tools is making them more powerful in genome editing and other biotechnology applications.