miércoles, 17 de junio de 2015

MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 - Volume 21, Number 7—July 2015 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

full-text ►

MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 - Volume 21, Number 7—July 2015 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC



Volume 21, Number 7—July 2015

Research

MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014

Figures

Tables

Downloads

Abdelmalik I. Khalafalla, Xiaoyan Lu, Abdullah I.A. Al-Mubarak, Abdul Hafeed S. Dalab, Khalid A.S. Al-Busadah, and Dean D. ErdmanComments to Author 
Author affiliations: King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia (A.I. Khalafalla, A.I.A. Al-Mubarak, A.H.S. Dalab, K.A.S. Al-Busada); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (X. Lu, D.D. Erdman)

Abstract

To assess the temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1–2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during April 2013–May 2014 in Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia, and tested for MERS-CoV RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Of 96 live camels, 28 (29.2%) nasal swab samples were positive; of 91 camel carcasses, 56 (61.5%) lung tissue samples were positive. Positive samples were more commonly found among young animals (<4 years of age) than adults (>4 years of age). The proportions of positive samples varied by month for both groups; detection peaked during November 2013 and January 2014 and declined in March and May 2014. These findings further our understanding of MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels and may help inform intervention strategies to reduce zoonotic infections.
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging pathogen associated with severe respiratory symptoms and renal failure in infected persons (1,2). Saudi Arabia is the country most severely affected by the virus and is where the first recognized case was identified in 2012. The origin of MERS-CoV remains a mystery. Bats seem to be the reservoir host of the virus (3) but are probably not the source of the ongoing MERS-CoV outbreak because of limited contact with humans in the Arabian Peninsula. Early observations that some MERS-CoV–infected persons had been exposed to camels suggested a possible role of these animals as intermediate reservoir hosts (2,4). Serologic surveys subsequently conducted in several countries in the Arabian Peninsula and Africa identified high rates of MERS-CoV–specific antibodies in dromedary camels (5–12). Furthermore, MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels was definitively proven by the detection of virus and virus sequences in respiratory specimens, feces, and milk collected from camels in Qatar (9,13), Oman (14), Saudi Arabia (5,15,16), and Egypt (17).
The few published studies that looked for MERS-CoV in the respiratory tract of naturally infected dromedary camels examined nasal or ocular swab samples but not samples from the lower respiratory tract. Moreover, several studies relied on only a few specimens or collected specimens at only 1 time point (9,13–15). To address these limitations and to clarify the dynamics of MERS-CoV infection in these animals, we conducted a year-round study in which we collected a large number of specimens from the upper respiratory tracts of live dromedary camels and from the lungs of dromedary camel carcasses.
Dr. Khalafalla is professor of veterinary virology at King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. His research focus is on viral diseases of dromedary camels.

Acknowledgment

We thank Isam Al Jalii and Khalid Borsais for assistance with sample collection and Marzooq M. Al Eknah for financial support.

References

  1. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia.N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1814–20. DOIPubMed
  2. Drosten C, Seilmaier M, Corman VM, Hartmann W, Scheible G, Sack S, Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:745–51. DOIPubMed
  3. Memish ZA, Mishra N, Olival KJ, Fagbo SF, Kapoor V, Epstein JH, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bats, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:1819–23. DOIPubMed
  4. Albarrak AM, Stephens GM, Hewson R, Memish ZA. Recovery from severe novel coronavirus infection. Saudi Med J. 2012;33:1265–9 .PubMed
  5. Alagaili AN, Briese T, Mishra N, Kapoor V, Sameroff SC, de Wit E, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia. MBiol. 2014; e00884–14.
  6. Hemida MG, Perera RA, Wang P, Alhammadi MA, Siu LY, Li M, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia, 2010 to 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20659 .PubMed
  7. Perera RA, Wang P, Gomaa MR, El-Shesheny R, Kandeil A, Bagato O, Seroepidemiology for MERS coronavirus using microneutralisation and pseudoparticle virus neutralization assays reveal a high prevalence of antibody in dromedary camels in Egypt, June 2013. Euro Surveill.2013;18:20574 .PubMed
  8. Reusken CB, Ababneh M, Raj VS, Meyer B, Eljarah A, Abutarbush S, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in Jordan, June to September 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20662 .PubMed
  9. Reusken CB, Farag EA, Jonges M, Godeke GJ, El-Sayed AM, Pas SD, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, Qatar, April 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19:20829.PubMed
  10. Reusken CB, Messadi L, Feyisa A, Ularamu H, Godeke GJ, Danmarwa A, Geographic distribution of MERS coronavirus among dromedary camels, Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1370–4. DOIPubMed
  11. Meyer B, Müller MA, Corman VM, Reusken CBEM, Ritz D, Godeke GD, Antibodies against MERS coronavirus in dromedary camels, United Arab Emirates, 2003 and 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:552–9. DOIPubMed
  12. Hemida MG, Perera RA, Al Jassim RA, Kayali G, Siu LY, Wang P, Seroepidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus in Saudi Arabia (1993) and Australia (2014) and characterization of assay specificity. Euro Surveill. 2014;12;19:20828.
  13. Haagmans BL, Al Dhahiry SH, Reusken CB, Raj VS, Galiano M, Myers R, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:140–5. DOIPubMed
  14. Nowotny N, Kolodziejek J. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels, Oman, 2013. Euro Surveill.2014;19:20781 .PubMed
  15. Memish ZA, Cotten M, Meyer B, Watson SJ, Alsahafi AJ, Al Rabeeah AA, Human infection with MERS coronavirus after exposure to infected camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1012–5. DOIPubMed
  16. Hemida MG, Chu DKW, Poon LL, Perera RA, Alhammadi MA, Ng H-Y, MERS coronavirus in dromedary camel herd, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis.2014;20:1231–4. DOIPubMed
  17. Chu DKW, Poon LL, Gomaa MM, Shehata MM, Perera RAPM, Zeid DA, MERS coronaviruses in dromedary camels, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis.2014;20:1049–53. DOIPubMed
  18. Vijgen L, Moës E, Keyaerts E, Li S, Van Ranst M. A pancoronavirus RT-PCR assay for detection of all known coronaviruses. Methods Mol Biol.2008;454:3–12. DOIPubMed
  19. Lu X, Whitaker B, Sakthivel S, Kamili S, Rose LE, Lowe L, Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay panel for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:67–75. DOIPubMed
  20. Corman VM, Eckerle I, Bleicker T, Zaki A, Landt O, Eschbach-Bludau M, Detection of a novel human coronavirus by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Euro Surveill. 2012;17:20285 .PubMed
  21. Wang N, Shi X, Jiang L, Zhang S, Wang D, Tong P, Structure of MERS-CoV spike receptor-binding domain complexed with human receptor DPP4. Cell Res. 2013;23:986–93. DOIPubMed
  22. Yusof MF, Eltahir YM, Serhan WS, Hashem FM, Elsayed EA, Marzoug BA, Prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels in Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates [cited 2015 Feb 25]. Virus Genes. 2015;5:•••; Epub ahead of printhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25653016.PubMed
  23. Adney DR, van Doremalen N, Brown VR, Bushmaker T, Scott D, de Wit E, Replication and shedding of MERS-CoV in upper respiratory tract of inoculated dromedary camels. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1999–2005. DOIPubMed
  24. Guery B, Poissy J, el Mansouf L, Séjourné C, Ettahar N, Lemaire X, ; MERS-CoV study group. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission. Lancet. 2013;381:2265–72. DOIPubMed
  25. Bermingham A, Chand MA, Brown CS, Aarons E, Tong C, Langrish C, Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012. Euro Surveill. 2012;17:20290 .PubMed
  26. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Munster VJ. Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) under different environmental conditions. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20590 .PubMed
  27. Chan KH, Peiris JS, Lam SY, Poon LL, Yuen KY, Seto WH. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of the SARS coronavirus. Adv Virol. 2011;2011:734690.
  28. Bakir TM, Halawani M, Ramia S. Viral aetiology and epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized Saudi children. J Trop Pediatr.1998;44:100–3. DOIPubMed
  29. al-Hajjar S, Akhter J, al Jumaah S, Hussain Qadri SM. Respiratory viruses in children attending a major referral centre in Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1998;18:87–92 .PubMed
  30. Bukhari EE, Elhazmi MM. Viral agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children at a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2013;34:1151–5 .PubMed
  31. Azhar EI, Hashem AM, El-Kafrawy SA, Sohrab SS, Aburizaiza AS, Farraj SA, Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2499–505. DOIPubMed
  32. Aburizaiza AS, Mattes FM, Azhar EI, Hassan AM, Memish ZA, Muth D, Investigation of anti–Middle East respiratory syndrome antibodies in blood donors and slaughterhouse workers in Jeddah and Makkah, Saudi Arabia, fall 2012. J Infect Dis. 2014;209:243–6. DOIPubMed
  33. Memish ZA, Alsahly A, Masri MA, Heil GL, Anderson BD, Peiris M, Sparse evidence of MERS-CoV infection among animal workers living in southern Saudi Arabia during 2012. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014 Dec 3. PMID: 25470665DOI
  34. Hemida MG, Al-Naeem A, Perera RA, Chin AW, Poon LL, Peiris M. Lack of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission from infected camels. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:699–701 .DOIPubMed
  35. Alghamdi IG, Hussain II, Almalki SS, Alghamdi MS, Alghamdi MM, El-Sheemy MA. The pattern of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive epidemiological analysis of data from the Saudi ministry of Health. Int J Gen Med. 2014;7:417–23.
  36. World Health Organization. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): summary of current situation, literature update and risk assessment [cited 2015 Feb 5]. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/mers-5-february-2015.pdf?ua=1

Figures

Tables

Suggested citation for this article: Khalafalla AI, Lu X, Al-Mubarak AIA, Dalab AHS, Al-Busadah KAS, Erdman DD. MERS-CoV in upper respiratory tract and lungs of dromedary camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Jul [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2107.150070
DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.150070
Publicado por en

No hay comentarios:

Publicar un comentario

Suscribirse a: Enviar comentarios (Atom)