Severe Necrotizing Pneumonia in Children, Houston, Texas, USA | CDC EID

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Volume 15, Number 10–October 2009
Letter
Severe Necrotizing Pneumonia in Children, Houston, Texas, USA
Anupama S. Kalaskar, Gloria P. Heresi, Audrey Wanger, James R. Murphy, and Susan H. Wootton
Author affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA

Suggested citation for this article

To the Editor: Routine vaccination of children with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA, USA), initiated in the United States in 2000, was followed within 2 years by an extensive and rapid decline in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (1). During the past few years, increasing frequency of invasive disease including necrotizing pneumonia caused by serotypes not included in the vaccine has been reported (2). We show an expanded pattern of the changing spectrum of the disease associated with nonvaccine serotypes through this report of 4 cases of necrotizing pneumonia in children, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A.

Over a 6-month period ending in March 2008, 4 children (median age 3.6 years, 1 with asthma) (Table) were brought to our hospital with signs of respiratory distress and a 4- to 7-day history of fever and cough. All had decreased breath sounds or crackles, and radiologic studies showed evidence of complicated pneumonia, which led to hospital admission (3 to an intensive care unit [ICU]). S. pneumoniae 19A was isolated from normally sterile sites with each child. All received intravenous antimicrobial drugs followed by an oral antimicrobial drug regimen and were discharged in good health. By reviewing immunization records, we confirmed that all had completed the PCV-7 series before becoming ill.

During the same period, complicated pneumonia was identified in 7 other inpatients by using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, codes for necrotizing pneumonia and empyema and Current Procedural Terminology codes for thoracoscopic surgery (median age 4.3 years); 2 had asthma, 1 had congenital diaphragmatic hernia with resultant left lung hypoplasia. No causative organism was identified for any of these cases.

As illustrated by our 4 cases, serotype 19A is emerging as an increasing cause of severe disease such as complicated pneumonia. Although the incidence of IPD in general has decreased since the introduction of PCV-7, the emergence of nonvaccine serotypes as a cause of severe disease is becoming more prevalent. Among 8 geographic areas in the United States, the incidence of IPD caused by nonvaccine serotypes in children <5 years of age increased from 16.3 cases/100,000 population to 19.9 cases/100,000 population, respectively, from prevaccine years 1998–1999 to in 2004 (3).

Because organisms were not isolated from the 7 other patients with necrotizing pneumonia during the same period, we are unable to comment on whether S. pneumoniae 19A was the predominant cause of necrotizing pneumonia in our study. However, in comparing our patients with these 7 patients, those with S. pneumoniae 19A appear to have had a more complicated course of illness, longer hospital stays (mean 19 days vs. 13 days), and a longer course of intravenous antimicrobial drugs (mean 19.2 days vs. 17 days). Although these 7 patients required more video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery than did our 4 patients (100% vs. 75%), those with S. pneumoniae 19A necrotizing pneumonia had a more severe clinical course of illness resulting in more ICU admissions (75% vs. 29%) and intubations (75% vs. 14%).

All 4 of our patients had completed the PCV-7 series before becoming ill. The emergence of nonvaccine serotypes as a cause of severe disease may be caused by serotype replacement and increased nasopharyngeal carriage of nonvaccine serotypes after receiving PCV-7 (4). Our report supports the theory of serotype replacement. The increasing incidence of invasive disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes has prompted development of an expanded pneumococcal vaccine to include serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A in addition to those covered by PCV-7 (5). The need for this expanded vaccine is becoming more evident as the number of children with severe pneumococcal disease increases due to current nonvaccine serotypes.

References
Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr, Wald ER, Schutze GE, Bradley JS, Tan TQ, et al. Decrease of invasive pneumococcal infections in children among 8 children's hospitals in the United States after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics. 2004;113:443–9. PubMed DOI
Bender JM, Ampofo K, Korgenski K, Daly J, Pavia AT, Mason EO, et al. Pneumococcal necrotizing pneumonia in Utah: does serotype matter? Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1346–52. PubMed DOI
Hicks LA, Harrison LH, Flannery B, Hadler JL, Schaffner W, Craig AS, et al. Incidence of pneumococcal disease due to non-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes in the United States during the era of widespread PCV7 vaccination, 1998–2004. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:1346–54. PubMed DOI
Millar EV, O'Brien KL, Watt JP, Bronsdon MA, Dallas J, Whitney CG, et al. Effect of community-wide conjugate pneumococcal vaccine use in infancy on nasopharyngeal carriage through 3 years of age: a cross-sectional study in a high-risk population. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:8–15. PubMed DOI
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization—WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2007;82:93–104.
Table
Table. Characteristics of patients in study of severe necrotizing pneumonia in children, Houston, Texas, USA, 2007–2008

Suggested Citation for this Article
Kalaskar AS, Heresi GP, Wanger A, Murphy JR, Wootton SH. Severe necrotizing pneumonia in children, Houston, Texas, USA [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2009 Oct [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/15/10/1696.htm

DOI: 10.3201/eid1510.090589

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