Volume 26, Number 6—June 2020
Research Letter
COVID-19 in 2 Persons with Mild Upper Respiratory Symptoms on a Cruise Ship, Japan
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Takeshi Arashiro
, Keiichi Furukawa, and Akira Nakamura
, Keiichi Furukawa, and Akira NakamuraAbstract
We describe 2 cases of COVID-19 in patients with mild upper respiratory symptoms. Both patients worked on a cruise ship quarantined off the coast of Japan. One patient had persistent, low-grade upper respiratory tract symptoms without fever. The other patient had rapid symptom cessation but persistent viral RNA detection.
Since December 2019, an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading globally (1). On January 25, 2020, a passenger disembarked a cruise ship in Hong Kong and on February 1 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (2). The ship docked in Yokohama, Japan, on February 3 for quarantine and isolation. On February 7, passengers and crew were provided thermometers and asked to check their temperature several times daily. Crew members were instructed to continue duties, report fever or respiratory symptoms, and follow quarantine instructions.
By February 28, a total of 705 COVID-19 cases were confirmed among 4,061 passengers and crew tested; 392 cases were asymptomatic, 36 persons were admitted to intensive care units, and 6 patients died (2). All case-patients from the ship were transferred to designated medical institutions in Japan (3).
Preliminary reports describe COVID-19 manifesting as pneumonia (4–6), but most cases are milder and could have more transmission potential because patients might not seek medical attention (7). Because of the lower threshold for testing persons on board, the cruise ship created an opportunity to observe mild COVID-19 cases and monitor patient symptoms. We describe 2 COVID-19 cases in persons with mild upper respiratory symptoms. The patients provided written, informed consent to share their clinical details.
Figure. Clinical courses of 2 case-patients with 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) admitted from a cruise ship docked in Japan, 2020. A) Case-patient 1, a 25-year-old female who worked on the ship as...
Case 1 occurred in a 35-year-old woman from South Asia who worked as a restaurant server on the ship. On day 1 of her illness, February 7, she experienced throat dryness and a slight cough (Figure, panel A). She and her roommate shared a bathroom with 2 others who had similar symptoms earlier. Case-patient 1 reported her symptoms but continued to work because she was afebrile. On day 3, she had throat soreness, stayed in her room, and was tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). On days 4–5, her symptoms diminished. On day 6, she was told she tested positive and was transferred to Asahi General Hospital (Chiba, Japan). At admission, she had a slight sore throat and cough. Her temperature was 36.5°C; blood pressure, 113/85 mm Hg; pulse, 92 bpm; respiration, 16 breaths/min; and oxygen saturation, 95% on ambient air. She had no underlying medical conditions and was taking no routine medication. On examination, her throat was bright red without exudates, lung auscultation was clear, and chest radiographs and blood tests were not clinically significant (Appendix Figure 1, panel A, Table 1). We did not suspect pneumonia and did not perform computed tomography. On day 8, she reported slight rhinorrhea. On day 9, RT-PCR again was positive for SARS-CoV-2. Her symptoms continued to diminish, and by day 10 she had discontinued all medications. RT-PCR results were positive on days 13 and 15, negative on day 19, positive again on day 20, and negative again on days 22 and 23, meeting the criteria for discharge, 2 consecutive negative assays. She never had fever, shortness of breath, or sputum, and daily lung auscultation was clear, suggesting absence of pneumonia.
Case 2 occurred in a 27-year-old man from South Asia who worked as a kitchen cleaner on the ship. On day 1 of his illness, February 8, he had a fever (38.6°C), sore throat, and cough. His roommate had similar symptoms that started 2 days before. Case-patient 2 reported his symptoms but continued to work. On day 2, he was tested for SARS-CoV-2 but continued to work. On day 3, his fever persisted, so he stayed in his room. By day 4, his symptoms resolved. On day 5, he was told he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and was transferred to Asahi General Hospital. At admission, he had no respiratory or other symptoms. He had no underlying medical conditions and was taking no routine medication. His temperature was 36.0°C; blood pressure, 132/85 mm Hg; pulse, 87 bpm; respirations, 16 breaths/min; and oxygen saturation, 95% on ambient air. On examination, his throat was bright red without exudates (Appendix Figure 2), lung auscultation was clear, and chest radiographs and blood tests were not clinically significant (Appendix Figure 1, panel B, Table 2). He remained asymptomatic, but on day 8, RT-PCR results were positive; results remained positive on days 12, 14, 18, and 21. His throat redness did not improve, but he did not report throat soreness or discomfort. He never experienced shortness of breath or sputum, and daily lung auscultations were clear.
We describe 2 mild cases of COVID-19 without discernable pneumonia, which could represent the clinical course in young, healthy persons. Worldwide, cases are appearing without apparent epidemiologic links (8). As the virus spreads, more mild COVID-19 cases are likely, and clinicians should be aware of clinical manifestations in the absence of severe symptoms. Case-patient 2’s symptoms rapidly decreased, but detectable viral RNA persisted for >2 weeks. As of February 27, patients in Japan must have 2 consecutive negative RT-PCR results before they can be discharged (9). Viral RNA detection does not necessarily indicate infectivity, so we urgently need guidance for detection and management of mild COVID-19 to prepare for a possible pandemic and avoid overwhelming healthcare systems.
Dr. Arashiro is a junior resident at Asahi General Hospital in Chiba, Japan, and a collaborating researcher with the Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center in the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. His research interests include infectious disease epidemiology and global health.
Acknowledgment
We thank the staff of the Kaiso Public Health Center and Chiba Prefectural Public Health Institute for public health support and testing, Ashley Stucky for thoughtful review of the manuscript, and Yuzo Arima and Takahiro Asami for intellectual discussion. We also thank the quarantine officers, cruise ship company, and healthcare personnel involved in the COVID-19 outbreak globally for their selfless dedication.
References
- World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, 2020 [cited 2020 Feb 26].
- Ministry of Health. Labour and Welfare, Japan. Regarding COVID-19 cases on a cruise ship, 2020 Feb 26 [in Japanese] [cited 2020 Feb 26].
- Ministry of Health. Labour and Welfare, Japan. Cabinet order to designate novel coronavirus infection 2019 as designated infectious disease, 2020 Jan 28 [in Japanese] [cited 2020 Feb 26].
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.
- Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395:507–13.
- Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, Dela Cruz CS, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020 Feb 7 [Epub ahead of print].
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- World Health Organization. Emergency ministerial meeting on COVID-19 organized by the African Union and the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020 Feb 22 [cited 2020 Feb 26].
- Ministry of Health. Labour and Welfare, Japan. Discharge criteria for COVID-19 patients, 2020 Feb 18 [in Japanese] [cited 2020 Feb 26].
- Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2020;
NEJMc2001737 ; Epub ahead of print.
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Suggested citation for this article: Arashiro T, Furukawa K, Nakamura A. COVID-19 in 2 persons with mild upper respiratory symptoms on a cruise ship, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Jun [date cited]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200452
Original Publication Date: 3/2/2020
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