Volume 24, Number 7—July 2018
Research Letter
Late or Lack of Vaccination Linked to Importation of Yellow Fever from Angola to China
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Rui Song1, Shengcan Guan1, Shui Shan Lee1, Zhihai Chen, Chen Chen, Lifen Han, Yanli Xu, Ang Li, Hui Zeng, Hanhui Ye
, and Fujie Zhang
, and Fujie Zhang Abstract
During March and April 2016, 11 yellow fever cases were identified in China. We report epidemic and viral information for 10 of these patients, 6 of whom had been vaccinated before travel. Phylogenetic analyses suggest these viruses nested within the diversity of strains endemic to Angola, where an outbreak began in 2015.
In December 2015, the first case of a major yellow fever outbreak was reported in Angola; the outbreak spread to Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (http://www.who.int/csr/don/13-april-2016-yellow-fever-angola/en/). In addition to 965 confirmed cases in DRC during December 2016–February 2017 (https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/yellow-fever-outbreak-angola-and-democratic-republic-congo-ends), the outbreak led to exportation to other countries. In China, 11 imported cases were reported during March and April 2016 (1); 1 case-patient subsequently died (2). We conducted a clinical-epidemiologic study on 10 of the 11 case-patients. The study was approved by the Review Board of Beijing Ditan Hospital (Beijing, China) and the Ethic Committee of State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity. We also obtained informed consent from recruited patients.
We confirmed the yellow fever diagnoses according to criteria established by the China National Health and Family Planning Commission, in agreement with the recommendations of the World Health Organization (3). All case-patients were citizens of China who had stayed in Angola for a period of 5 months to 7 years before returning to China; 7 (70%) were male, the median age was 41 (range 17–50) years (Technical Appendix[PDF - 230 KB - 2 pages]Table 1). Six case-patients reported a history of yellow fever vaccination; 4 of those were vaccinated <14 days before symptom onset. Case-patient 7 received vaccination in China 5 years before symptoms occurred, and case-patient 10 was vaccinated in Namibia 10 months before onset of illness. None had received fractional doses of yellow fever vaccine as advocated in some studies (4).
Figure. Phylogenetic analysis of yellow fever viruses and clinical courses for persons with yellow fever cases imported from Angola to China. A) Phylogenetic relationships among the yellow fever viruses from samples obtained...
We tested blood samples from all case-patients for yellow fever–specific antibodies by ELISA. We also extracted RNA from blood and urine samples by using the QIAamp MinElute Virus Spin Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) for reverse transcription PCR virus detection. Phylogenetic analysis (Figure, panel A) of samples from 9 case-patients showed that the sequences were very closely related to each other and resembled the wild-type strain implicated in the Angola outbreak (2). We evaluated virus sequences of 5 of the 6 vaccinated case-patients; all showed the same wild-type strain. For the remaining patient (case-patient 7), RNA extraction was unsuccessful. She had been vaccinated 5 years before her illness, excluding the possibility of a vaccine-related adverse event.
Clinically, all 10 case-patients had acute onset of fever lasting 1–7 days; the highest temperature was 39.5°C (Technical Appendix[PDF - 230 KB - 2 pages]Table 2). The most common symptoms were fatigue, headache, dizziness, and myalgia. Of 10 case-patients, 8 had been treated for malaria before yellow fever was confirmed. Eight case-patients, including 2 of the 4 unvaccinated case-patients, had relatively mild symptoms. Case-patients 1 and 2, both unvaccinated, had severe disease; signs and symptoms were jaundice, vomiting, hemorrhaging (petechiae, ecchymosis, and gastrointestinal bleeding), and oliguria, as well as high levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase 11,425 and 3,710 µ/L, respectively) and total bilirubin (>100 µmol/L). We also noted bleeding tendency, reflected by a high international normalized ratio and thrombocytopenia. Case-patient 1 deteriorated rapidly as a result of severe kidney and liver damage; biopsy showed evidence of panlobular and confluent hepatocyte necrosis (2). His CD4 T cell count was low at 155 cells/µL, but we excluded HIV co-infection. Despite continuous hemofiltration and hemodialysis and mechanical ventilation support, he died 9 days after symptom onset. The remaining 9 patients recovered after hospitalization, which lasted for a median of 16 (range 11–52) days.
Case-patients 1 and 2 also showed strong inflammatory responses as reflected by high plasma level of interleukin 6. Yellow fever virus nucleic acid continued to be detectable in urine during week 1 after symptom onset; case-patient 2 had the longest interval of detection at 31 days (Figure, panel B).
Overall, the clinical courses of these imported yellow fever cases in China were similar to others reported in the published literature: mild diseases in most case-patients, but high fatality rates among severe cases (5). China is not a yellow fever–endemic area, but importation of the virus was not surprising, considering the high number of travelers between Angola and China (6). Unfortunately, vaccination coverage was not high for Chinese travelers bound for Angola; among this cohort, only 2 had been vaccinated before travel to a yellow fever–endemic area. Travelers may be worried about vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (7), but this condition did not occur among the vaccinated case-patients in our study, who all had a moderate disease, requiring hospitalization of 11–29 days. The World Health Organization had recommended vaccination at least 10 days before entering a yellow fever–endemic area, but late vaccination in travelers is common (8).
Our observations highlight the importance of timely immunization to achieve protection during an outbreak within a yellow fever–endemic area. Vaccination efficacy and long-term protection are other concerns highlighted in this study: 2 patients were infected despite vaccination received 1–5 years previously. Although most international guidelines did not recommend booster administration of vaccine, its possible role in outbreak settings demands further research (9,10).
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the technical support of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences. This study was supported by Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission (grant no.: Z161100000116049).
Dr. Rui is an infectious disease physician of Medicine Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases at Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University in Beijing, China. Her research interests include emerging and reemerging infectious disease.
References
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- World Health Organization. Dept. of Vaccines and Biologicals. (2003). WHO–recommended standards for surveillance of selected vaccine-preventable diseases. Geneva: WHO, 2003 (revised 2008). http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/68334/WHO_V-B_03.01_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- World Health Organization. WHO position on the use of fractional doses - June 2017, addendum to vaccines and vaccination against yellow fever WHO: Position paper - June 2013. [Epub ahead of print: Jul 6 2017]. Vaccine. 2017;35:5751–2. DOIPubMed
- Monath TP. Yellow fever: an update. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1:11–20. DOIPubMed
- Wilder-Smith A, Leong WY. Importation of yellow fever into China: assessing travel patterns. J Travel Med. 2017;24. DOIPubMed
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- Collaborative group for studies on yellow fever vaccines. Duration of post-vaccination immunity against yellow fever in adults. Vaccine. 2014;39:4977–84.
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Technical Appendix
Cite This Article1These authors contributed equally to this article.
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