Volume 24, Number 2—February 2018
Research Letter
Novel Streptococcus suis Sequence Type 834 among Humans, Madagascar
On This Page
Mihaja Raberahona, Saïda Rasoanandrasana, Vonintsoa Lalaina Rahajamanana, Felana Ranaivo-Rabetokotany, Volatiana Andriananja, Fetra Angelot Rakotomalala, Mamy Jean de Dieu Randria, Luc Rakotovao, Corinne Marois-Créhan, Véronique Tocqueville, Fabrice Touzain, and Mala Rakoto-Andrianarivelo
Abstract
Two cases of meningitis caused by Streptococcus suis occurred in Madagascar, 1 in 2015 and 1 in 2016. We report the characterization of the novel sequence type, 834, which carried the mrp+/sly+/epf+ virulence marker and a mutation G→T at position 174, leading to a substitution mutS1 to mutS284.
Streptococcus suis is a common pathogen among pigs that can be transmitted to humans, in whom it causes invasive infection. In recent years, cases among humans have been reported worldwide, and a large outbreak occurred in China in 2005 (1). In some areas, S. suis appeared as the most common etiology of adult meningitis (2). Data from Africa were scarce until the recent report of 15 cases in Togo (3). We report 2 cases of S. suis meningitis in Antananarivo, Madagascar.
In March 2015, a 24-year-old man (patient 1) was admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit of Befelatanana Hospital (Antananarivo) seeking treatment for fever, headache, and unilateral sixth nerve palsy. One year later, in March 2016, a 60-year-old woman (patient 2) was admitted to the same unit with meningitis and sudden hearing loss. Patient 1 worked in a slaughterhouse and patient 2 as a cook; both were frequently exposed to pork meat. Both patients were febrile (temperature >39.9°C) and confused and had a score of <13 out of 15 on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Laboratory results for lumbar puncture showed turbid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with increased cell numbers (446 cells/µL, 56% neutrophils for patient 1; 1,180 cells/µL, 86% neutrophils for patient 2 [reference range <10/µL]); high protein levels (1.4 g/L for patient 1, 2.34 g/L for patient 2 [reference range 0.15–0.45 g/L]); and low glucose levels (0.28 mmol/L for patient 1; 0.73 mmol/L for patient 2 [reference range 2.7–4.2 mmol/L]). CSF Gram stain results showed gram-positive diplococci resembling Streptococcus pneumoniae. CSF samples inoculated onto chocolate agar showed microbial growth that was further found to contain optochin-resistant α-hemolytic streptococci. In-house real-time PCR on CSF and colonies, targeting the specific gene for S. pneumonia were negative. The colonies were finally identified as S. suis by using ApiStrep20 (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Étoile, France) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with a log (score) value of spectra >2.3 (cutoff ≥2.0). Both patients achieved overall recovery after a complete course of intravenous ampicillin (patient 1) or ceftriaxone (patient 2), but a mild hearing deficit acquired during the infection remained for both patients.
We retrieved only strain Ss1223, isolated from patient 2, for further investigation. By using slide agglutination with type-specific hyperimmune serum and specific multiplex PCR (4), we identified the Ss1223 strain as S. suis serotype 2. We performed whole-genome sequencing by using an Ion Torrent Proton sequencer (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). After cleaning data with Trimmomatic 0.36 (5), we align reads of S735 S. suis sequence type ST1 European reference strain (GenBank accession no. NC_018526.1) by using the maximal exact matches algorithm of Burrows-Wheeler Aligner software version 0.7.15-r1140 (https://omictools.com/burrows-wheeler-aligner-tool), downsampled to fit an estimated coverage depth of 80× before assembly. SPAdes 3.8.1 (6) assembly was deposited in GenBank (accession no. NHOL00000000). By applying the previously described pipeline (7), we confirmed the Ss1223 strain as serotype 2 and a novel sequence type (ST), 834, bearing the commonly occurring virulence markers of S. suis among persons who handle pork meat, mrp+/sly+/epf+. The epf gene contains a single-nucleotide polymorphism and 2 insertions/deletions. Moreover, ST834 carries the mutation G→T at position 174, leading to a substitution mutS1 to mutS284 (http://pubmlst.org/ssuis/), an element involved in the mismatch repair mechanism that contributes to maintaining the overall fidelity of DNA replication. These findings indicate that ST834 is closely related to ST1, which is among the most prevalent and virulent S. suis clones worldwide.
We report emergence of human S. suis infection in Madagascar and describe the epidemiology of S. suis in Africa, in addition to research conducted in Togo recently (3,8). Both case-patients were at risk for infection because of their professional occupations (9). The diagnosis would have been missed if there had been no in-depth discussion between clinicians and biologists and if thorough laboratory investigation by using conventional biochemical methods has not been done. Because S. suis infection is not commonly known as an etiology of bacterial meningitis in Madagascar and may be misidentified as other streptococcal infections if results are based on culture results alone (10), we also used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
In Madagascar, pig farming is concentrated in the central highlands and depends on small holders. Pig slaughtering is not always done in abattoirs and does not necessarily follow good rearing practices. Thus, susceptible persons may be exposed to infectious organisms that could cause outbreaks.
The emergence of a novel S. suis ST carrying virulence markers raises questions about the zoonotic potential of this pig pathogen, suggesting that further study on S. suis circulation in pigs will be useful for an understanding of its association with these and other human cases. Our findings also provide evidence that whole-genome sequencing is an indispensable tool for studying the genetic diversity of S. suis, detecting the emergence of novel sequence types and characterizing virulence factors. In conclusion, our study highlights the need to increase awareness of S. suis infections among clinicians and laboratory staff and to implement a surveillance system for both pigs and humans that includes the emerging ST834 strain.
Dr. Raberahona is a medical doctor in the Infectious Disease Department at the University Hospital in Antananarivo, Madagascar. His main research interests include meningitis and tuberculosis.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by grants from the Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France.
References
- Lun ZR, Wang QP, Chen XG, Li AX, Zhu XQ. Streptococcus suis: an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:201–9. DOIPubMed
- Mai NTH, Hoa NT, Nga TVT, Linh D, Chau TTH, Sinh DX, et al. Streptococcus suis meningitis in adults in Vietnam. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:659–67. DOIPubMed
- Tall H, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Mounkoro D, Tidjani L, Agbenoko K, Alassani I, et al. Identification of Streptococcus suis meningitis through population-based surveillance, Togo, 2010–2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:1262–4. DOIPubMed
- Marois C, Bougeard S, Gottschalk M, Kobisch M. Multiplex PCR assay for detection of Streptococcus suis species and serotypes 2 and 1/2 in tonsils of live and dead pigs. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:3169–75. DOIPubMed
- Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:2114–20. DOIPubMed
- Bankevich A, Nurk S, Antipov D, Gurevich AA, Dvorkin M, Kulikov AS, et al. SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol. 2012;19:455–77. DOIPubMed
- Athey TB, Teatero S, Lacouture S, Takamatsu D, Gottschalk M, Fittipaldi N. Determining Streptococcus suis serotype from short-read whole-genome sequencing data. BMC Microbiol. 2016;16:162. DOIPubMed
- Prince-David M, Salou M, Marois-Créhan C, Assogba K, Plainvert C, Balogou KA, et al. Human meningitis due to Streptococcus suis in Lomé, Togo: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:651. DOIPubMed
- Nghia HD, Tu TP, Wolbers M, Thai CQ, Hoang NV, Nga TV, et al. Risk factors of Streptococcus suis infection in Vietnam. A case-control study. PLoS One. 2011;6:e17604. DOIPubMed
- Goyette-Desjardins G, Auger JP, Xu J, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent-an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2014;3:e45. DOIPubMed
.png)
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario