Notes from the Field: Baylisascaris procyonis Encephalomyelitis in a Toddler — King County, Washington, 2017
Weekly / January 19, 2018 / 67(2);79–80
Vance Kawakami, DVM1,2; Amanda Casto, MD3; Niranjana Natarajan, MD4; Anna Snyder, MD3; Jonathan Mosser, MD5; Jesse Bonwitt, BVSc2,6; Matthew P. Kronman, MD5; Meagan Kay, DVM1 (View author affiliations)
View suggested citationOn May 1, 2017, in Washington, Public Health—Seattle & King County (PHSKC) was notified of a possible Baylisascaris procyonis infection in a previously healthy male child aged 19 months. The patient had been evaluated on April 26 for a 1-week history of irritability followed by tremors of his extremities, ataxia, and decreased interactivity. On examination, the patient was afebrile with an inability to sit or stand unaided; complete blood count revealed eosinophilia (absolute eosinophils = 5,080; reference range = 0–250); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain indicated diffuse, patchy white matter lesions, alongside patchy, enhancing lesions in both cerebellar hemispheres. The patient was transferred to a tertiary care hospital on April 27 for further evaluation and management; spinal MRI and ophthalmologic exams were normal. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was notable for 4 white blood cells (reference range = 0–5); however, increased eosinophils were noted on cytologic review.
The patient’s parents reported that the child had ingested soil and animal feces in their backyard several weeks before symptom onset. After consultation with CDC, empirical treatment with oral albendazole (25 mg/kg/day) and intravenous steroids for suspected baylisascariasis was initiated on April 29, while B. procyonis antibody test results were pending. The patient exhibited neurologic improvement on May 1 and was discharged on May 2.
Serum and CSF specimens collected during hospitalization were positive for B. procyonis–specific immunoglobulin antibodies at CDC; results of Toxocara and Toxoplasma serologies and a stool ova and parasite exam conducted at private laboratories were negative. The assay for B. procyonis antibody, an immunoblot test using the recombinant antigen rBpRAG1, is specific and sensitive but cannot differentiate between current or previous infection or exposure (1). The patient completed 28 days of albendazole and a steroid taper. At 1-month follow up, the patient had marked reduction in tremors and improvements in mental status and ambulation.
B. procyonis is a roundworm parasite of the North American raccoon (Procyon lotor), the definitive host. Infection with B. procyonis is a rare cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, with 31 cases documented in North America (2,3). Infection occurs when humans ingest infective egg stages shed in raccoon feces or material contaminated with raccoon feces (2). Clinical signs of baylisascariasis depend on the dose of ingested eggs and their extraintestinal migration path (neural, ocular, or visceral tissue). Among the 31 documented North American cases of disease, 28 (90%) persons had meningoencephalitis or encephalopathy (2,3).
PHSKC conducted an environmental assessment of the patient’s property on May 9. Dark, cylindrical feces were collected from elevated truncal forks (approximately 8.2 ft [2.5 m] and 13.1 ft [4 m] in height) and base of the tree at the site where the patient regularly played and was seen ingesting soil and animal feces. The fecal characteristics and location at multiple sites were consistent with a raccoon latrine (i.e., communal defecation site) (4). A fecal sample was also collected from the patient’s healthy dog.
All fecal samples collected from the tree yielded microscopic eggs consistent in morphology and size to B. procyonis. No parasite ova were detected in the fecal sample collected from the dog. The patient’s parents had not previously noticed any raccoon latrines on their property. PHSKC recommended restricting access to the tree and surrounding areas until it could be appropriately cleaned and consulting with a veterinarian about implementing regular deworming for their dog, because canines can be a definitive host for B. procyonis and can shed eggs in their feces (3).
This report describes the first laboratory-confirmed B. procyonis human infection in Washington. Children aged <2 years exhibit frequent hand-to-mouth behaviors and might be at increased risk for baylisascariasis through ingestion of soil and other potentially contaminated material (e.g., contents of sandboxes) (2). Among the 31 documented disease cases, 17 (55%) were among children aged <2 years (2,3). Prevention messages to parents of young children living in areas where raccoons might be present should include avoidance of soil ingestion, handwashing after outdoor play, and providing guidance on identifying and safely cleaning raccoon latrines (4).
Acknowledgments
Claire Brostrom-Smith, Beth Lipton, Public Health–Seattle & King County; Hanna Oltean, Ron Wohrle, Washington State Department of Health; Claire Miller, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab; Susan Montgomery, Anita Devi Sircar, CDC.
Conflict of Interest
Dr. Natarajan reports research support from Biogen for clinical trial projects, outside the submitted work. No other conflicts of interest were reported.
Corresponding author: Vance Kawakami, vance.kawakami@kingcounty.gov, 206-423-8160.
1Public Health–Seattle & King County, Seattle, Washington; 2Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, CDC; 3University of Washington, Seattle; 4University of Washington, Department of Neurology, Seattle; 5Seattle Children’s Hospital, Washington; 6Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington.
References
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- Graeff-Teixeira C, Morassutti AL, Kazacos KR. Update on baylisascariasis, a highly pathogenic zoonotic infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016;29:375–99. CrossRef PubMed
- Sircar AD, Abanyie F, Blumberg D, et al. Raccoon roundworm infection associated with central nervous system disease and ocular disease—six states, 2013–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:930–3. CrossRef PubMed
- CDC. Raccoon latrines: identification and clean-up. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/baylisascaris/resources/raccoonlatrines.pdf
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