Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults — NEJM
Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults
Seema Jain, M.D., Wesley H. Self, M.D., M.P.H., Richard G. Wunderink, M.D., Sherene Fakhran, M.D., M.P.H., Robert Balk, M.D., Anna M. Bramley, M.P.H., Carrie Reed, Ph.D., Carlos G. Grijalva, M.D., M.P.H., Evan J. Anderson, M.D., D. Mark Courtney, M.D., James D. Chappell, M.D., Ph.D., Chao Qi, Ph.D., Eric M. Hart, M.D., Frank Carroll, M.D., Christopher Trabue, M.D., Helen K. Donnelly, R.N., B.S.N., Derek J. Williams, M.D., M.P.H., Yuwei Zhu, M.D., Sandra R. Arnold, M.D., Krow Ampofo, M.D., Grant W. Waterer, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., Min Levine, Ph.D., Stephen Lindstrom, Ph.D., Jonas M. Winchell, Ph.D., Jacqueline M. Katz, Ph.D., Dean Erdman, Dr.P.H., Eileen Schneider, M.D., M.P.H., Lauri A. Hicks, D.O., Jonathan A. McCullers, M.D., Andrew T. Pavia, M.D., Kathryn M. Edwards, M.D., and Lyn Finelli, Dr.P.H. for the CDC EPIC Study Team
N Engl J Med 2015; 373:415-427July 30, 2015DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1500245 - Abstract
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BACKGROUND
Community-acquired pneumonia is a leading infectious cause of hospitalization and death among U.S. adults. Incidence estimates of pneumonia confirmed radiographically and with the use of current laboratory diagnostic tests are needed.
METHODS
We conducted active population-based surveillance for community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among adults 18 years of age or older in five hospitals in Chicago and Nashville. Patients with recent hospitalization or severe immunosuppression were excluded. Blood, urine, and respiratory specimens were systematically collected for culture, serologic testing, antigen detection, and molecular diagnostic testing. Study radiologists independently reviewed chest radiographs. We calculated population-based incidence rates of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization according to age and pathogen.
RESULTS
From January 2010 through June 2012, we enrolled 2488 of 3634 eligible adults (68%). Among 2320 adults with radiographic evidence of pneumonia (93%), the median age of the patients was 57 years (interquartile range, 46 to 71); 498 patients (21%) required intensive care, and 52 (2%) died. Among 2259 patients who had radiographic evidence of pneumonia and specimens available for both bacterial and viral testing, a pathogen was detected in 853 (38%): one or more viruses in 530 (23%), bacteria in 247 (11%), bacterial and viral pathogens in 59 (3%), and a fungal or mycobacterial pathogen in 17 (1%). The most common pathogens were human rhinovirus (in 9% of patients), influenza virus (in 6%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (in 5%). The annual incidence of pneumonia was 24.8 cases (95% confidence interval, 23.5 to 26.1) per 10,000 adults, with the highest rates among adults 65 to 79 years of age (63.0 cases per 10,000 adults) and those 80 years of age or older (164.3 cases per 10,000 adults). For each pathogen, the incidence increased with age.
CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization was highest among the oldest adults. Despite current diagnostic tests, no pathogen was detected in the majority of patients. Respiratory viruses were detected more frequently than bacteria. (Funded by the Influenza Division of the National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases.)
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