CIENCIASMEDICASNEWS: Data and Statistics | Birth Defects | NCBDDD

sábado, 10 de enero de 2015

Data and Statistics | Birth Defects | NCBDDD | CDC

In the United States

About one in every 33 babies (about 3%) is born with a birth defect. [Read article]
Birth defects are one of the leading causes of infant deaths, accounting for more than 20% of all infant deaths. [Read article]
National estimates for 21 selected major birth defects, 2004–2006 [Read summary ]

Birth Defects*	Cases per Births	Estimated Annual Number of Cases
Adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity**
Central nervous system defects
Anencephaly	1 in 4,859	859
Spina bifida without anencephaly	1 in 2,858	1,460
Encephalocele	1 in 12,235	341
Eye defects
Anophthalmia/microphthalmia	1 in 5,349	780
Cardiovascular defects
Common truncus	1 in 13,876	301
Transposition of great arteries	1 in 3,333	1,252
Tetralogy of Fallot	1 in 2,518	1,657
Atrioventricular septal defect	1 in 2,122	1,966
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome	1 in 4,344	960
Orofacial defects
Cleft palate without cleft lip	1 in 1,574	2,651
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate	1 in 940	4,437
Gastrointestinal defects
Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula	1 in 4,608	905
Rectal and large intestinal atresia/stenosis	1 in 2,138	1,952
Musculoskeletal defects
Reduction deformity, upper limbs	1 in 2,869	1,454
Reduction deformity, lower limbs	1 in 5,949	701
Gastroschisis	1 in 2,229	1,871
Omphalocele	1 in 5,386	775
Diaphragmatic hernia	1 in 3,836	1,088

Adjusted for maternal age**
Chromosomal anomalies
Trisomy 13	1 in 7,906	528
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)	1 in 691	6,037
Trisomy 18	1 in 3,762	1,109

*The national estimates data come from 14 birth defects surveillance programs: Arkansas, Arizona, California [8-county Central Valley], Colorado, Georgia [5-county metropolitan Atlanta], Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, Texas, and Utah. The number of live births represented by these 14 programs from 2004–2006 was 4,038,506.
** For this study, researchers took into account maternal age (for Trisomy 13, 21, and 18) and maternal race/ethnicity, which allows state and local programs to use these estimates as a point of reference for comparison with future prevalence estimates. Adjustments are based on the United States live birth population, 2004–2006.

Folic acid is a B vitamin that, if taken before and during early pregnancy, can help prevent neural tube defects, which are major birth defects of the baby's brain and spine (Anencephaly and spina bifida). In 1996, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandated that by January 1, 1998 all grain products labeled as ‘enriched’, such as breads, cereals, and rice, have folic acid added to them to help reduce the risk of neural tube defects. This is known as folic acid fortification. After folic acid fortification was started, there was a 36% decrease in the prevalence of spina bifida and a 17% decrease in the prevalence of anencephaly. [Read article]

Race/Ethnicity

Many birth defects vary by racial or ethnic group. Investigating these differences will help us to understand why some birth defects occur more or less often in certain groups and will lead to future efforts to reduce disparities. [Read summary ]

Compared with infants of non-Hispanic white mothers,
Infants of non-Hispanic black or African-American mothers had		Infants of Hispanic mothers had
Higher birth prevalence of these birth defects:	Lower birth prevalence of these birth defects	Higher birth prevalence of these birth defects:	Lower birth prevalence of these birth defects
Tetralogy of Fallot Lower limb reduction defects Trisomy 18	Cleft palate Cleft lip with or without cleft palate Esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula Gastroschisis Down syndrome	Anencephaly Spina bifida Encephalocele Gastroschisis Down syndrome	Tetralogy of Fallot Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Cleft palate Esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula