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Drowsy Driving and Risk Behaviors — 10 States and Puerto Rico, 2011–2012

MMWR Weekly Vol. 63, No. 26 July 4, 2014

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Drowsy Driving and Risk Behaviors — 10 States and Puerto Rico, 2011–2012 
Anne G. Wheaton, PhD, Ruth A. Shults, PhD, Daniel P. Chapman, PhD, et al.
MMWR 2014;63:557-62 


Among U.S. drivers aged ≥18 years, 4.0% report falling asleep at the wheel in the previous 30 days.

Drowsy Driving and Risk Behaviors — 10 States and Puerto Rico, 2011–2012

Weekly

July 4, 2014 / 63(26);557-562

Anne G. Wheaton, PhD1, Ruth A. Shults, PhD2, Daniel P. Chapman, PhD1, Earl S. Ford, MD1, Janet B. Croft, PhD1 (Author affiliations at end of text)

Findings in published reports have suggested that drowsy driving is a factor each year in as many as 7,500 fatal motor vehicle crashes (approximately 25%) in the United States (1,2). CDC previously reported that, in 2009–2010, 4.2% of adult respondents in 19 states and the District of Columbia reported having fallen asleep while driving at least once during the previous 30 days (3). Adults who reported usually sleeping ≤6 hours per day, snoring, or unintentionally falling asleep during the day were more likely to report falling asleep while driving compared with adults who did not report these sleep patterns (3). However, limited information has been published on the association between drowsy driving and other risk behaviors that might contribute to crash injuries or fatalities. Therefore, CDC analyzed responses to survey questions regarding drowsy driving among 92,102 respondents in 10 states and Puerto Rico to the 2011–2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys. The results showed that 4.0% reported falling asleep while driving during the previous 30 days. In addition to known risk factors, drowsy driving was more prevalent among binge drinkers than non-binge drinkers or abstainers and also more prevalent among drivers who sometimes, seldom, or never wear seatbelts while driving or riding in a car, compared with those who always or almost always wear seatbelts. Drowsy driving did not vary significantly by self-reported smoking status. Interventions designed to reduce binge drinking and alcohol-impaired driving, to increase enforcement of seatbelt use, and to encourage adequate sleep and seeking treatment for sleep disorders might contribute to reductions in drowsy driving crashes and related injuries.

Each year, state health departments administer BRFSS, a random-digit–dialed telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged ≥18 years, in collaboration with CDC. The response rate is the number of respondents who completed the survey as a proportion of all eligible and likely eligible persons.* The median survey response rate for all 50 states and the District of Columbia, was 49.7% in 2011 (range = 33.8%–64.1%) and 45.2% in 2012 (range = 27.7%–60.4%). Questions regarding insufficient sleep were asked in an optional sleep module used by only 10 states and Puerto Rico†; therefore, this analysis was confined to those 10 states and Puerto Rico. Response rates for the 10 states and Puerto Rico had a median of 51.7% in 2011 and ranged from 35.4% (California) to 61.7% (Puerto Rico); response rates in 2012 had a median of 47.0% and ranged from 39.4% (Oregon) to 58.2% (Puerto Rico).§

A total of 92,102 respondents were asked, "During the past 30 days, have you ever nodded off or fallen asleep, even just for a brief moment, while driving?" Drowsy driving was defined as an affirmative response, whereas no drowsy driving included responses of "no" and also 81 responses of "don't know/not sure." Those who responded that they did not drive or did not have a license (5,575) were excluded from the analysis. Frequent insufficient sleep was defined as ≥14 days in response to "During the past 30 days, for about how many days have you felt you did not get enough rest or sleep?" Respondents were also asked: "On average, how many hours of sleep do you get in a 24-hour period? Think about the time you actually spend sleeping or napping, not just the amount of sleep you think you should get." "Do you snore?" and "During the past 30 days, for about how many days did you find yourself unintentionally falling asleep during the day (categorized as none or ≥1 day)?"

Smoking status included current smoker, former smoker, and never smoker. Alcohol use status included binge drinker, non-binge drinker, and abstainer. Binge drinking was defined for men as having five or more drinks and for women as having four or more drinks on at least one occasion during the preceding month. Abstainers were respondents who had not consumed any alcoholic beverages during the preceding month. Respondents also were asked about their frequency of seatbelt use and categorized as "always or almost always" and "sometimes, seldom, or never" users.

The age-adjusted prevalences of falling asleep while driving (with 95% confidence intervals) were calculated by state, selected demographic characteristics, sleep-related characteristics, and risk behaviors using statistical software that took into account the complex sampling design. For comparisons of prevalence between subgroups, statistical significance (p<0.05) was determined by using t-tests. All indicated differences between subgroups are statistically significant.

Among the 92,102 respondents, 4.0% reported falling asleep while driving during the preceding 30 days (Table 1). Drowsy driving decreased with age (linear trend p<0.001) from 5.9% among adults aged 18–24 years to 1.8% among adults aged ≥65 years. Overall, the age-adjusted prevalence of drowsy driving was higher among men than women (5.0% compared with 3.0%, p<0.001). The prevalence of drowsy driving for men aged 18–34 years was 6.9%, compared with 3.5% for women in the same age group. Drowsy driving prevalence was higher among all other racial/ethnic groups compared with non-Hispanic whites (p<0.05) and did not differ by educational level. Among the 10 states and Puerto Rico, drowsy driving prevalence ranged from 1.8% in Oregon to 7.4% in Puerto Rico (Table 1). These prevalence estimates can be extrapolated to approximately 1.8 million drivers driving drowsy in the last 30 days in the 10 states and Puerto Rico included in this report.¶

Respondents who usually slept ≤5 hours per 24 hours reported drowsy driving more often than those who slept 6 hours or ≥7 hours (9.1% compared with 5.2% [p<0.001] and 2.7% [p<0.001], respectively), as did snorers compared with non-snorers (5.6% compared with 2.9%, p<0.001) (Table 2). In addition, drowsy driving was more common among binge drinkers than non-binge drinkers and abstainers (5.2% compared with 3.7% [p=0.028] and 3.6% [p=0.005], respectively). Drowsy driving also was more common among drivers who sometimes, seldom, or never wear seatbelts while driving or riding in a car compared with those who always or almost always wear seatbelts (6.6% compared with 3.9%, p=0.005). Drowsy driving did not vary by smoking status.

Discussion

CDC has named motor vehicle injury prevention as one of its 10 "winnable battles."** More than 30,000 persons have died in motor vehicle crashes each year since 1963 (4). In 2012, nearly one third (10,322) of the 33,561 traffic fatalities occurred in alcohol-impaired driving crashes (i.e., a driver involved in the crash had a blood alcohol content of ≥0.08 g/dL), and 70% of the alcohol-impaired drivers involved in these fatal crashes had a blood alcohol content of ≥0.15 g/dL, indicating binge drinking.†† In addition, half of vehicle occupants killed were not wearing seatbelts (4), and as many as 7,500 fatal crashes in the United States each year might involve drowsy drivers (1,2).

Effective interventions exist to address binge drinking, alcohol-impaired driving, and nonuse of seatbelts. Information about these interventions has been published by the Community Preventive Services Task Force.§§ This study showed that drivers who reported binge drinking or infrequent (sometimes, seldom, or never) use of seatbelts also were more likely to drive drowsy; therefore, enforcement efforts aimed at these behaviors might also help reduce drowsy driving crashes and resulting injuries, as well as provide opportunities for increasing awareness of the dangers of drowsy driving. Because young men are more likely to engage in all of these risk behaviors, interventions might be aimed at this high-risk population.

Falling asleep while driving is clearly dangerous, but drowsiness also impairs the ability to drive safely even if drivers do not fall asleep. Studies have observed that drowsy drivers take longer to react, are less attentive to their environment, and have impaired decision-making skills (5), all of which can contribute to vehicle crashes. Sleep-related crashes are more likely to happen at times when drivers are more likely to be sleepy: at night or in the midafternoon (6,7). Although these crashes often involve a single vehicle going off the road, sleep-related crashes also are disproportionately represented in rear-end and head-on collisions. Finally, injuries and fatalities are more common in drowsy driving crashes than non-drowsy driving crashes (6). Various technologies have been developed to prevent drowsy driving crashes (7). Detection technologies use in-vehicle devices to sense changes in the driver that indicate sleepiness, such as excessive eyelid closure and head-nodding. Other technologies, such as the use of rumble strips (shoulder or center line), in-vehicle lane departure warning systems, and collision avoidance systems, are designed to prevent crashes from driver fatigue or inattention. Although evaluation of the effectiveness of in-vehicle technologies in preventing crashes is in the early stages, results to date are promising (7,8).

The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, estimates of falling asleep while driving are based on self-report, which likely result in underestimates. Persons often are not aware that they have fallen asleep, even after several minutes asleep (9). Second, data were not collected for all states and might not be generalizable to the rest of the United States. In addition, because response rates for the states that used the optional sleep module during 2011–2012 were relatively low, ranging from 35.4% to 60.9% (median = 51.7%), nonresponse bias might have affected the results. Finally, BRFSS does not survey persons aged <18 years, thereby excluding young drivers who might be at increased risk for drowsy driving (6).

To prevent drowsy driving, drivers should get enough sleep (7–8 hours for adults), seek treatment for sleep disorders, and avoid alcohol use before driving. Even small amounts of alcohol can amplify driver impairment caused by drowsiness (10). Drivers should recognize the symptoms of drowsiness and respond appropriately when on the road. Symptoms of drowsiness include frequent yawning or blinking, difficulty remembering the past few miles driven, missing exits, drifting from a lane, or hitting a rumble strip. Drivers are advised to get off the road and rest until no longer drowsy or change drivers if they experience these symptoms. Turning up the radio, opening the window, and turning up the air conditioner have not proven to be effective techniques to stay awake (7). Public health professionals in motor vehicle injury prevention can learn about drowsy driving countermeasures and other highway safety countermeasures in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's guide Countermeasures That Work.¶¶

1Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 2Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC (Corresponding author: Anne G. Wheaton, awheaton@cdc.gov, 770-488-5362)

References

1. Klauer SG, Dingus TA, Neale VL, Sudweeks JD, Ramsey DJ. The impact of driver inattention on near-crash/crash risk: an analysis using the 100-Car Naturalistic Study Data 2006. Report no. DOT HS 810 594. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2006.
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3. CDC. Drowsy driving—19 states and the District of Columbia, 2009–2010. MMWR 2013;61:1033–7.
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6. Pack AI, Pack AM, Rodgman E, Cucchiara A, Dinges DF, Schwab CW. Characteristics of crashes attributed to the driver having fallen asleep. Accid Anal Prev 1995;27:769–75.
7. May JF, Baldwin CL. Driver fatigue: the importance of identifying causal factors of fatigue when considering detection and countermeasure technologies. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 2009;12:218–24.
8. Blower D. Assessment of the effectiveness of advanced collision avoidance technologies. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute; 2014. Available at http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/102534.
9. Bonnet MH, Moore SE. The threshold of sleep: perception of sleep as a function of time asleep and auditory threshold. Sleep 1982;5:267–76.
10. Howard ME, Jackson ML, Kennedy GA, Swann P, Barnes M, Pierce RJ. The interactive effects of extended wakefulness and low-dose alcohol on simulated driving and vigilance. Sleep 2007;30:1334–40.

* Additional information available at http://www.aapor.org/standard_definitions2.htm.

† Alaska, California, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, Oregon, Tennessee, and Puerto Rico used the insufficient sleep module in 2011. Alaska, Kansas, Nevada, Oregon, and Puerto Rico used the module again in 2012. Aggregating data for two surveys increased the sample size in those states; sampling weights in each year were halved before obtaining the prevalence estimates in those states. The prevalence of drowsy driving was not statistically different when comparing 2011 and 2012 for the states that used the module for both years.

§ Additional information available at http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/pdf/2011_summary_data_quality_report.pdf  andhttp://www.cdc.gov/brfss/annual_data/2012/pdf/summarydataqualityreport2012_20130712.pdf .

¶ Alaska, approximately 10,000; California, 1,052,000; Kansas, 70,000; Maine, 32,000; Massachusetts, 135,000; Minnesota, 106,000; Nebraska, 39,000; Nevada, 48,000; Oregon, 46,000; Tennessee, 130,000; Puerto Rico, 173,000.

** Additional information available at http://www.cdc.gov/winnablebattles/motorvehicleinjury.

†† Available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pubs/811870.pdf .

§§ Available at http://www.thecommunityguide.org/index.html.

¶¶ Available at http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811727.pdf .