sábado, 28 de septiembre de 2013

Recurrent Bordetella holmesii Bacteremia and Nasal Carriage in a Patient Receiving Rituximab - Vol. 19 No. 10 - October 2013 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

full-text ►
Recurrent Bordetella holmesii Bacteremia and Nasal Carriage in a Patient Receiving Rituximab - Vol. 19 No. 10 - October 2013 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC


EID cover artwork EID banner
Table of Contents
Volume 19, Number 10–October 2013

Volume 19, Number 10—October 2013

Letter

Recurrent Bordetella holmesii Bacteremia and Nasal Carriage in a Patient Receiving Rituximab

Suggested citation for this article
To the Editor: We report a case of recurrent Bordetella holmesii bacteremia with 4 clinical manifestations: 3 episodes of cellulitis and 1 episode of pneumonia. The patient, a 67-year-old man, was admitted to the Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital in Paris, France, in December 2010, for recurrent cellulitis in his left leg. Eleven years earlier, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma had been diagnosed, and he had undergone 7 chemotherapy courses. He also had received 2 autologous stem cell transplants. He was receiving maintenance treatment with intravenous (IV) rituximab every 3 months and IV immunoglobulin for hypogammaglobulinemia.
The first episode of cellulitis had occurred in his left leg 2 months before admission; the condition was treated with pristinamycin (3 g/day for 14 days), and the leg healed completely. Cellulitis recurred in his left leg 2 months later; it was again treated with pristinamycin (3 g/day) for 4 days in conjunction with fusidic acid. The cutaneous lesions worsened, and he was admitted to the hospital with fever (38.6°C) and chills.
Clinical examination showed extended cellulitis; the left leg was bright red, hot, shiny, swollen, and non-pitting. The patient’s leukocyte count was 23 × 109/L (reference < 10 × 109/L) and C-reactive protein level was 332 mg/L (reference < 5 mg/L). IV clindamycin and ceftriaxone were administered. Fever and other symptoms improved rapidly. Two consecutive blood cultures carried out before antimicrobial drug treatment were positive for B. holmesii, according to biochemical characteristics and molecular detection of the specific B. holmesii recA gene (1). Isolates in both cultures were susceptible to amoxicillin, macrolide antimicrobial drugs, cefoxitin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin and were resistant to cefotaxime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Table; blood isolate, day 1). The antimicrobial drug regimen was changed to amoxicillin (6 g/day) for 14 days; the cellulitis resolved, and the patient was discharged.
Cellulitis in the right leg was diagnosed 2 weeks after the end of the previous treatment. Pristinamycin (3 g/day) was prescribed by the man’s physician but was ineffective. He was readmitted, and B. holmesii was again isolated in 2 new blood cultures; the organism was now resistant to cefoxitin (Table; blood isolate, day 24). Oral amoxicillin was initiated (6 g/day), without success, and after 1 week, IV ceftriaxone (2 g/day) was administered. B. holmesii was again isolated (isolate blood, day 33) from blood cultures despite amoxicillin treatment, and the antibiogram had the same resistance profile, except for amoxicillin (which was not determined). Because the patient was improving, IV ceftriaxone was maintained for 18 days, and he was discharged 5 days after the beginning of efficient antimicrobial drug therapy.
Two weeks after the end of the treatment, the patient was admitted to the hospital for bilateral pneumonia. Treatment with piperacillin/tazobactam and ciprofloxacin for 14 days (750 mg 2×/day) was initiated. B. holmesii was again isolated from blood; the bacterium had now acquired resistance to amoxicillin and nalidixic acid (Table; isolate blood, day 74). Nevertheless, ciprofloxacin treatment was continued. By real-time PCR targeting of IS481, Bordetella DNA was detected in nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens (1), but the species could not be identified because of an insufficient amount of DNA. One month after the end of the treatment, the patient was recovering. Although the patient was asymptomatic, B. holmesii was isolated in a second NPS specimen. The isolate was sensitive to amoxicillin and macrolides and resistant to cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Table; isolate NPS, day 105). Rituximab was discontinued, and relapse had not occurred after > 1 year of follow-up.
B. holmesii was first described in 1995 (2); it was primarily isolated from the blood of immunocompromised patients, especially those with spleen dysfunction. Since 1999, B. holmesii has been detected during pertussis outbreaks in NPS specimens of patients with pertussis-like signs and symptoms (36). To our knowledge, the association between B. holmesii infection and rituximab treatment has been reported only once, in a renal transplant recipient, and B. holmesii nasal carriage was not tested for (7).
In this patient, the B. holmesii infection relapses definitively stopped after rituximab treatment was interrupted, which suggests a relationship between the 2 events and that patients receiving rituximab are at increased risk for severe infection (8). Interpretations of antimicrobial drug resistance are difficult because no breakpoints have been defined for this species, but MICs of the drugs showed changes in the resistance profile between infectious episodes (Table). These observations strongly suggest a heterogeneous population of bacteria and that resistance was acquired after antimicrobial drug treatment as described in the United Kingdom (9). The patient improved while receiving ceftriaxone, although, in vitro; the bacterium was found resistant to this antimicrobial drug family as reported (10). Thus, the in vitro susceptibility testing and in vivo efficacy were discordant.
In conclusion, the patient’s nasal carriage and rituximab treatment may explain the recurrent infection. That the nasal carriage was the primary mode of transmission could not be proven because NPS specimens were not taken early enough. More studies are needed to determine the role of nasal carriage in B. holmesii bacteremia. That no B. holmesii infections occurred after rituximab was stopped suggests that rituximab played a role in the recurrent infections. In cases of recurrent infection or bacteremia, nasal carriage should be assessed, and the interruption of rituximab should be considered by physicians.
Liem Binh Luong Nguyen, Loïc Epelboin, Jean Gabarre, Marylin Lecso, Sophie Guillot, François Bricaire, Eric Caumes, and Nicole GuisoComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (L.B.Luong Nguyen, L. Epelboin, J. Gabarre, M. Lecso, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes); Université Paris, Paris (L. Epelboin, F. Bricaire, E. Caumes); and Institut Pasteur, Paris (S. Guillot, N. Guiso)

Acknowledgment

We thank Alain Le Coustumier for his advice concerning antimicrobial treatment and Institut Pasteur Fondation, Institut National de Veille Sanitaire, and Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique for financial support.

References

  1. Njamkepo E, Bonacorsi S, Debruyne M, Gibaud SA, Guillot S, Guiso N. Significant finding of Bordetella holmesii DNA in nasopharyngeal samples from French patients with suspected pertussis. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:43478. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  2. Weyant RS, Hollis DG, Weaver RE, Amin MFM, Steigerwalt AG, O'Connor SP, Bordetella holmesii sp. nov., a new gram-negative species associated with septicemia. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:17 .PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  3. Rodgers L, Martin SW, Cohn A, Budd J, Marcon M, Terranella A, Epidemiologic and laboratory features of a large outbreak of pertussis-like illnesses associated with cocirculating Bordetella holmesii and Bordetella pertussis—Ohio, 2010–2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:32231. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  4. Mooi FR, Bruisten S, Linde I, Reubsaet F, Heuvelman K, van der Lee S, Characterization of Bordetella holmesii isolates from patients with pertussis-like illness in the Netherlands. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2012;64:28991. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  5. Kamiya H, Otsuka N, Ando Y, Odaira F, Yoshino S, Kawano K, Transmission of Bordetella holmesii during pertussis outbreak, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:11669. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  6. Yih WK, Silva EA, Ida J, Harrington N, Lett SM, George H. Bordetella holmesii–like organisms isolated from Massachusetts patients with pertussis-like symptoms. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:4413 . DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  7. Chambaraud T, Dickson Z, Ensergueix G, Barraud O, Essig M, Lacour C, Bordetella holmesii bacteremia in a renal transplant recipient: emergence of a new pathogen. Transpl Infect Dis. 2012;14:E1346. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  8. Vidal L, Gafter-Gvili A, Salles G, Dreyling MH, Ghielmini M, Hsu Schmitz SF, Rituximab maintenance for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103:1799806. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
  9. Fry NK, Duncan J, Pike R, Harrison TG. Emergence of Bordetella holmesii infections in the United Kingdom 2010. In: Abstracts of the 9th International Bordetella Symposium, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; 2010 Sep 30–-Oct 3. Abstract 98.
  10. Abouanaser SF, Srigley JA, Nguyen T, Dale SE, Johnstone J, Wilcox L, Bordetella holmesii, an emerging cause of septic arthritis. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:13135. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon

Table

Suggested citation for this article: Luong Nguyen L B, Epelboin L, Gabarre J, Lecso M, Guillot S, et al. Recurrent Bordetella holmesii bacteremia and nasal carriage in a patient receiving rituximab [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2013 Oct [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid19010.130345External Web Site Icon
DOI: 10.3201/eid1910.130345

No hay comentarios:

Publicar un comentario