Drug safety and pharmacovigilance in psychopharmacology Renato de Filippis* [1]ORCID iD , Mohammadreza Shalbafan [2,3]

https://www.academia.edu/academia-drug-development-and-pharmacotherapy/1/1/10.20935/AcadDrug7850 All available drugs in medicine have therapeutic effects as well as potential side effects, creating a dynamic balance that depends on many factors related, but not limited, to the drug itself, its dosage, its pharmacokinetic features and the patient’s specific and medical characteristics [1, 2]. Indeed, different reactions may also arise due to individual variability, including metabolic differences, genetic polymorphisms and differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics [3, 4]. Therefore, even when properly used, medications can still lead to adverse effects [5–7]. As a result, drug safety must continue to be monitored during the post-marketing phase [8]. In this regard, an adverse drug reaction (ADR) refers to an undesired or harmful response that occurs after the administration of a drug, either directly from the drug itself or due to its interaction with other medications under normal usage conditions [9].