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Ahead of Print -Phylogeny of Zika Virus in Western Hemisphere, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

Ahead of Print -Phylogeny of Zika Virus in Western Hemisphere, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC



ZIKA

Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016

Letter

Phylogeny of Zika Virus in Western Hemisphere, 2015

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To the Editor: Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, and is transmitted by Aedesspp. mosquitoes. Clinical signs and symptoms of human infection with ZIKV include fever, headache, malaise, maculopapular rash, and conjunctivitis.
ZIKV was first isolated in 1947 from the blood of a febrile sentinel rhesus monkey during a study of yellow fever in the Zika Forest of Uganda (1). During the next 20 years, ZIKV isolates were obtained primarily from East and West Africa during arbovirus surveillance studies in the absence of epidemics. During those 20 years, cases of ZIKV infection were detected sporadically; however, given the clinical similarity of ZIKV and dengue virus infections and the extensive cross-reactivity of ZIKV antibodies with dengue viruses, it is possible that ZIKV was associated with epidemics that were incorrectly attributed to dengue viruses. Beginning in 2007, substantial ZIKV outbreaks were reported first in Yap Island (Federated States of Micronesia), then in French Polynesia, and then in other Pacific Islands (24).
Genetic studies have revealed that ZIKV has evolved into 3 distinct genotypes: West African (Nigerian cluster), East African (MR766 prototype cluster), and Asian. It has been postulated that the virus originated in East Africa and then spread into both West Africa and Asia ≈50–100 years ago (5). In early 2015, cases of ZIKV infection were detected in Rio Grande State, northern Brazil, and limited sequence analyses revealed that the virus was most closely related to a 2013 ZIKV from French Polynesia, within the Asian clade (6).
Thumbnail of Phylogenetic tree of Zika virus isolates identified from Guatemala and Puerto Rico in December 2015 (indicated in boldface) compared with reference isolates obtained from GenBank. The isolates from Guatemala and Puerto Rico grouped with other Asian genotype viruses. The tree was derived by neighbor-joining methods (bootstrapped 1,000 times) using complete-genome sequences. Location, year identified, and GenBank strain identification for the viruses used in tree construction are show
Figure. Phylogenetic tree of Zika virus isolates identified from Guatemala and Puerto Rico in December 2015 (indicated in boldface) compared with reference isolates obtained from GenBank. The isolates from Guatemala and Puerto...
In December 2015, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratory detected ZIKV in serum specimens collected from persons in Guatemala and Puerto Rico. The complete nucleotide sequence of ZIKV was derived directly from 3 of these serum specimens by using next-generation sequencing on the Ion Torrent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) platform. The raw sequence reads were analyzed and assembled by using the CLC bio Genomics Workbench (CLC bio, Waltham, MA, USA) and Lasergene NextGen (DNAStar, Madison, WI, USA). The complete genome sequences were aligned by using ClustalW (http://www.megasoftware.net/) with all available full-length ZIKV sequences from GenBank representing the 3 genotypes. Nearly identical phylogenetic trees were generated by using several methods (minimum-evolution, maximum-likelihood, neighbor-joining), and a neighbor-joining tree was generated and analyzed with 1,000 replicates for bootstrap testing (Figure). GenBank accession numbers for ZIKV sequences presented in this article are KU501215 (Puerto Rico PRVABC59), KU501216 (Guatemala 8375), and KU501217 (Guatemala 103344).
In agreement with the initial sequencing of samples from Brazil conducted by Zanluca et al. (6), the 3 newly sequenced ZIKVs from Guatemala and Puerto Rico are all within the Asian genotype and most closely related to strains recently isolated from Brazil (2015) and French Polynesia (2013). The tree topology confirms previous findings and indicates that Asian genotype viruses have been gradually evolving and spreading geographically throughout Asia and the Pacific Islands since at least 1966; the tree suggests that the Malaysia 1966 ZIKV is representative of an ancestral genotype (7). The percent nucleotide identity among all the Western Hemisphere ZIKVs is >99%, and as a group, these Western Hemisphere viruses are ≈89% identical (96% aa) to viruses of the East African and West African genotypes.
As reported by Musso et al. (8), the phylogeny and movement of ZIKV and chikungunya virus are strikingly similar. Each virus is grouped into 3 genotypes of very similar geographic distribution: East Africa, West Africa, and Asia. For both viruses, it also seems that viruses from East Africa moved into Asia ≈50–100 years ago and evolved into a unique Asian genotype (9,10). In addition, the similarity with respect to the recent movement of these viruses from Asia into the Pacific Islands and then into the New World (9) is noteworthy. It seems that similar ecologic and/or human social factors might be responsible for the movement of chikungunya virus and ZIKV into the New World at approximately the same time. Further studies might elucidate the exact mechanism of this transcontinental movement, leading to effective prevention strategies.
Robert S. LanciottiComments to Author , Amy J. Lambert, Mark Holodniy, Sonia Saavedra, and Leticia del Carmen Castillo Signor
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (R.S. Lanciotti, A.J. Lambert)Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California, USA (M. Holodniy)VA Caribbean Health Care System, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA (S. Saavedra)Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Guatemala, Villa Nueva, Guatemala (L. del Carmen Castillo Signor)

References

  1. Dick GWKitchen SFHaddow AJZika virus isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg1952;46:50920 . DOIPubMed
  2. Lanciotti RSKosoy OLLaven JJVelez JOLambert AJJohnson AJGenetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis2008;14:12329DOIPubMed
  3. Cao-Lormeau VMRoche CTeissier ARobin EBerry ALMallet HPZika virus, French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis.2014;20:10856DOIPubMed
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  7. Haddow ADSchuh AJYasuda CYKasper MRHeang VHuy RGenetic characterization of Zika virus strains: geographic expansion of the Asian lineage. PLoS Negl Trop Dis2012;6:e1477DOIPubMed
  8. Musso DCao-Lormeau VMGubler DJZika virus: following the path of dengue and chikungunya? Lancet2015;386:2434DOIPubMed
  9. Volk SMChen RTsetsarkin KAAdams APGarcia TISall AAGenome-scale phylogenetic analyses of chikungunya virus reveal independent emergences of recent epidemics and various evolutionary rates. J Virol2010;84:6497504DOIPubMed
  10. Lanciotti RSLambert AJPhylogenetic analysis of chikungunya virus strains circulating in the Western Hemisphere. Am J Trop Med Hyg2016In press.

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Suggested citation for this article: Lanciotti RS, Lambert AJ, Holodniy M, Saavedra S, del Carmen Castillo Signor L. Phylogeny of Zika virus in Western Hemisphere, 2015 [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 May [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2205.160065


DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.160065

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