Common Asphalt Sealant May Raise Cancer Risks

Small study looked at coal-tar sealcoat and exposure to 'PAH' chemical compound

Thursday, April 4, 2013

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THURSDAY, April 4 (HealthDay News) -- Living near asphalt that's sealed with coal tar may raise the risk of getting cancer, a new study shows. The potential threat appears to be greatest for young children.
Coal tar, a byproduct of steel manufacturing, is a common ingredient in sealants that are used in the Eastern part of the United States to refresh worn parking lots and driveways.
"People like it because it makes the asphalt look like new. The striping shows up really clearly if you have a parking lot," said study author Barbara Mahler, a research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Austin, Texas.
The problem, she added, is that shiny black sealcoats are a concentrated source of cancer-causing chemicals called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs.
"When tires drive across it, it's the grinding action of the tires that breaks up the little particles and grinds it up to a dust, essentially," Mahler said.
That dust gets carried into homes on shoes and hands. It's also washed into the surrounding soil and waterways after a rain, she said.
Previous studies have found high levels of PAHs in dust vacuumed from homes that sit near sealcoat-covered asphalt, according to study background information.
For the new study, published recently in the journal Environmental Science & Technology, researchers compared the levels of PAHs in house dust swept from 23 ground-level apartments in Austin. About half of the apartments sat on parking lots that were coated with coal-tar sealants; the rest did not.
The researchers combined those levels with measurements of PAHs in soils sampled near parking lots with and without coal tar-based sealants in New Hampshire and Chicago.
Next, they plugged those numbers into models used by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess what is called excess cancer risk. They wanted to know how many people would get cancer because of their exposure to PAHs who would otherwise not be expected to.
Based on the models, for every million people who live near unsealed asphalt for 70 years, or roughly their whole lives, there would be three extra cases of cancer because of exposure to PAHs. Bare asphalt emits some PAHs, but at far lower levels than are found in sealcoat.
That risk is 38 times greater, however, for people living near asphalt sealed with coal tar, the study found. For every million people who spend 70 years living next to sealed pavement, researchers said they would expect about 110 cases of cancer because of the exposure to PAHs.
Most of that risk appears to accrue in childhood. The study found that 50 percent of the cancer risk from PAHs in sealcoated asphalt is acquired within the first six years of life. About 80 percent of a person's risk adds up before age 18.
That's partly because children have different habits than adults. They spend more time near the ground, and they like to put things in their mouths, like their hands or toys. Kids are also smaller, so their exposures to chemicals are more concentrated relative to their body weights.
"Really, what this analysis says is that there's potential harm here. There is risk," said Kenneth Portier, a biostatistician with the American Cancer Society not involved in the research. "What does it mean for me? Maybe I should try to avoid that risk. And especially avoid the risk in my children."
Fortunately, there is an alternative to coal tar-based sealants. A different kind of sealant, made with emulsified asphalt, has much lower levels of PAHs. It's the main kind of sealant used in Western states, but it can also be found in other parts of the country with a bit of searching.
Although the study found an association between coal-tar sealcoat and a higher exposure to a cancer-causing compound, it did not prove that the exposure might cause cancer.

SOURCES: Barbara Mahler, Ph.D., research hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, Austin, Texas; Kenneth Portier, M.S., Ph.D., managing director, statistics and evaluation center, American Cancer Society, Atlanta; Environmental Science & Technology

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