Consumption of Sugar Drinks in the United States, 2005–2008 ► Products - Data Briefs - Number 71 - August 2011

NCHS Data Brief

Number 71, August 2011

Consumption of Sugar Drinks in the United States, 2005–2008

On This Page

• Key findings
• On average, how many kilocalories from sugar drinks does the U.S. population consume?
• Does everyone consume sugar drinks?
• How many kilocalories from sugar drinks do people consume on a given day?
• Are there racial or ethnic differences in the percentage of total dietary kilocalories consumed from sugar drinks?
• Are there income differences in the percentage of total dietary kilocalories consumed from sugar drinks?
• Where do people consume sugar drinks and where are they obtained?
• Summary
• Definitions
• Data source and methods
• About the authors
• References
• Suggested citation

PDF Version  (643 KB)
Cynthia L. Ogden, Ph.D., M.R.P.; Brian K. Kit, M.D., M.P.H.; Margaret D. Carroll, M.S.P.H.; and Sohyun Park, Ph.D., M.S.

Key findings

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2008

• Males consume more sugar drinks than females.
• Teenagers and young adults consume more sugar drinks than other age groups.
• Approximately one-half of the U.S. population consumes sugar drinks on any given day.
• Non-Hispanic black children and adolescents consume more sugar drinks in relation to their overall diet than their Mexican-American counterparts. Non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American adults consume more than non-Hispanic white adults.
• Low-income persons consume more sugar drinks in relation to their overall diet than those with higher income.
• Most of the sugar drinks consumed away from home are obtained from stores and not restaurants or schools.

Consumption of sugar drinks in the United States has increased over the last 30 years among both children and adults (1–3). Sugar drinks have been linked to poor diet quality, weight gain, obesity, and, in adults, type 2 diabetes (4,5). U.S. dietary guidelines issued in 2010 recommend limiting the consumption of foods and beverages with added sugars (6). Moreover, the American Heart Association has recommended a consumption goal of no more than 450 kilocalories (kcal) of sugar-sweetened beverages—or fewer than three 12-oz cans of carbonated cola—per week (7). This brief presents the most recent national data on sugar-drink consumption in the United States. Results are presented by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and income. Where sugar drinks are consumed and obtained is also presented.
Keywords: kilocalories, mean, income, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

On average, how many kilocalories from sugar drinks does the U.S. population consume?

Overall, males consume an average of 175 kcal from sugar drinks on any given day, while females consume 94 kcal. Mean consumption of sugar drinks is higher in males than females at all ages except among 2- to 5-year-olds. Consumption of sugar drinks increases until ages 12–19 years and then decreases with age. Consumption of sugar drinks is lowest among the oldest females (42 kcal per day) and highest among males aged 12–19 (273 kcal per day) (Figure 1). The age patterns of percentage of total daily kilocalories from sugar drinks (not shown) are similar to those for kilocalories from sugar drinks.

Does everyone consume sugar drinks?

Approximately one-half of the population aged 2 and older consumes sugar drinks on any given day. Among adult women, the percentage is lower, with 40% consuming sugar drinks on any given day, while among boys aged 2–19, 70% consume sugar drinks on any given day (Figure 2).

How many kilocalories from sugar drinks do people consume on a given day?

On a given day, there is a wide range of sugar-drink consumption. About 50% of the population consumes no sugar drinks; 25% consumes some sugar drinks but less than 200 kcal (more than one 12-oz can of cola); and 5% consumes at least 567 kcal from sugar drinks on any given day (more than four 12-oz cans of cola) (Figure 3).

Are there racial or ethnic differences in the percentage of total dietary kilocalories consumed from sugar drinks?

Among non-Hispanic black children and adolescents, 8.5% of total kilocalories consumed in the diet are obtained from sugar drinks, higher than the 7.4% among Mexican-American children and adolescents. Among adults aged 20 and over, non-Hispanic white persons consume fewer sugar-drink kilocalories as a percentage of total kilocalories (5.3%) than do non-Hispanic black (8.6%) or Mexican-American persons (8.2%) (Figure 4).

Are there income differences in the percentage of total dietary kilocalories consumed from sugar drinks?

Higher-income persons consume fewer kilocalories from sugar drinks as a percentage of total daily kilocalories than do lower-income individuals. Among children and adolescents in households with income below 130% of the poverty line, the mean percentage of total kilocalories consumed from sugar drinks is 8.2%, higher than the 6.7% consumed among those living at or above 350% of the poverty line. Similarly, among adults living below 130% of the poverty line, mean kilocalories from sugar drinks is 8.8% of total kilocalories; among those living between 130% and 350% of the poverty line, mean kilocalories from sugar drinks is 6.2% of total kilocalories; and among those at or above 350% of the poverty line, mean kilocalories is 4.4% of total kilocalories (Figure 5).

Where do people consume sugar drinks and where are they obtained?

More than one-half of sugar-drink kilocalories (52%) are consumed in the home. Of these sugar-drink kilocalories, the vast majority is purchased in stores (92%), and just over 6% is purchased in restaurants or fast-food establishments. Of the 48% consumed away from home, 43% are purchased in stores, 35.5% in restaurants or fast-food establishments, and 1.4% in schools or day-care settings. Over 20% of sugar-drink kilocalories consumed away from home are obtained in other places such as vending machines, cafeterias, street vendors, and community food programs, among others (Figure 6).

Summary

One-half of the U.S. population consumes sugar drinks on any given day, and 25% consumes at least 200 kcal (more than one 12-oz can of cola).
Sugar-drink consumption differs by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and income. For example, males consume more than females, and teenagers and young adults consume more than other age groups. Among adults, non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American persons consume more than non-Hispanic white persons, and low-income individuals consume more sugar drinks in relation to their total diet than higher-income individuals.
More than one-half of sugar drinks are consumed in the home. Most sugar drinks consumed away from home are obtained from stores, but more than one-third are obtained in restaurants or fast-food establishments.

Definitions

Kilocalories: A measure representing dietary energy or caloric intake. Kilocalories from sugar drinks are energy from sugar drinks. Percentage of daily kilocalories from sugar drinks is the percentage of total daily energy obtained from sugar drinks.
Sugar drinks: For these analyses, sugar drinks include fruit drinks, sodas, energy drinks, sports drinks, and sweetened bottled waters, consistent with definitions reported by the National Cancer Institute (8). Sugar drinks do not include diet drinks, 100% fruit juice, sweetened teas, and flavored milks. Population estimates of sugar-drink kilocalories are based on data from one in-person, 24-hour dietary recall interview.
Location of sugar-drink consumption: Respondents to the 24-hour dietary recall interview were asked if each reported food was consumed at home or away from home.
Source of sugar drinks: Respondents to the 24-hour dietary recall interview were asked where they obtained each food consumed. To determine source of food, respondents were offered 26 options, categorized for this brief as store, restaurant (including fast-food), school or child care, and other.
Poverty income ratio (PIR): A measure representing the ratio of household income to the poverty threshold after accounting for inflation and family size. In 2008, a PIR of 350% was equivalent to approximately $77,000 for a family of four; a PIR of 130% was equivalent to approximately $29,000 for a family of four. In 2008, median household income was approximately $50,000, and 13.2% of the population lived below the poverty level, based on U.S. Census Bureau data (9).The cut point for participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is 130% of the poverty level.

Data source and methods

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used for these analyses. NHANES is a cross-sectional survey designed to monitor the health and nutritional status of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population (10). The survey consists of interviews conducted in participants' homes, standardized physical examinations in mobile examination centers, and laboratory tests utilizing blood and urine specimens provided by participants during the physical examination. Dietary information for this analysis was obtained via an in-person, 24-hour dietary recall interview in the mobile examination center.
The NHANES sample is selected through a complex, multistage design that includes selection of primary sampling units (counties), household segments within the counties, households within segments, and, finally, sample persons from selected households. The sample design includes oversampling to obtain reliable estimates of health and nutritional measures for population subgroups. In 2005–2006, African-American and Mexican-American subgroups were oversampled. In 2007–2008, African-American and overall Latino subgroups were oversampled, with sufficient sample sizes for separate analysis of the Mexican-American subgroup. In 1999, NHANES became a continuous survey, fielded on an ongoing basis. Each year of data collection is based on a representative sample covering all ages of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population. Public-use data files are released in 2-year cycles.
Sample weights, which account for the differential probabilities of selection, nonresponse, and noncoverage, were incorporated into the estimation process. The standard errors of the percentages were estimated using Taylor Series Linearization, a method that incorporates the sample weights and sample design.
Mean estimates for adults were age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using three age groups: 20–39, 40–59, and 60 and over. Differences between groups were evaluated using a univariate t statistic at the p < 0.05 significance level. Tests of age trends were done using the p < 0.05 significance level. All differences reported are statistically significant unless otherwise indicated. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SAS System for Windows release 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.) and SUDAAN release 10.0 (RTI International, Research Triangle Park, N.C.).

About the authors

Cynthia L. Ogden, Brian K. Kit, and Margaret D. Carroll are with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Sohyun Park is with CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity.

References

1. Enns CW, Goldman JD, Cook A. Trends in food and nutrient intakes by adults: NFCS 1977–78, CSFII 1989-91, and CSFII 1994-95. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 10(4):2–15. 1997.
2. French SA, Lin BH, Guthrie JF. National trends in soft drink consumption among children and adolescents age 6 to 17 years: Prevalence, amounts, and sources, 1977/1978 to 1994/1998. J Am Diet Assoc 103(10):1326–31. 2003.
3. Sebastian RS, Cleveland LE, Goldman JD, Moshfegh AJ. Trends in the food intakes of children 1977–2002. Consumer Interests Annual 52:433–4. 2006.
4. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 84(2):274–88. 2006.
5. Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 97(4):667–75. 2007.
6. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2010.
7. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van HL, et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: The American Heart Association's strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation 121(4):586–613. 2010.
8. Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM. Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc 110(10):1477–84. 2010.
9. DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Smith JC. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2008  [PDF - 3 MB]. Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, P60–236(RV). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. 2009.
10. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011.

Suggested citation

Ogden CL, Kit BK, Carroll MD, Park S. Consumption of sugar drinks in the United States, 2005–2008. NCHS data brief, no 71. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2011.

Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.

National Center for Health Statistics

Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D., Director
Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science

Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Clifford L. Johnson, M.S.P.H., Director
Products - Data Briefs - Number 71 - August 2011

Women Married Before Age 18 at Higher Risk of Mental Woes: Study: MedlinePlus

Women Married Before Age 18 at Higher Risk of Mental Woes: Study

Research sees slight rise in rate of these problems, but can't confirm early marriage as cause

URL of this page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_115939.html
(*this news item will not be available after 11/28/2011)

Tuesday, August 30, 2011

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TUESDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) -- Nearly one in 10 women in the United States were married before the age of 18, a new study finds, and they could face a slightly higher risk of mental illness than other married women.
The research doesn't prove that so-called "child marriage" causes the increased risk of mental problems, the authors noted in the report published in the September issue of the journal Pediatrics.
Still, the findings are enough for its lead author to call for the end of child marriage in the United States.
"People should ask their politicians to adopt a law to ban it. It should be avoided by families, and teenagers willing to be married should delay marriage to adulthood," said Dr. Yann Le Strat, a psychiatrist at Louis-Mourier Hospital of Paris in Colombes, France, and an adjunct scientist at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto.
The study authors analyzed the results of a 2001-02 national survey designed to understand alcoholism and other conditions. A total of 24,575 women took part; the researchers focused on the 18,645 who were married or had been married.
The goal of the research was to understand how child marriage affects mental health in women, Le Strat explained. The researchers didn't look at how it might affect men.
"Studies in India and Africa have shown that child marriage is known to be associated with elevated risks of HIV transmission, unwanted pregnancy [and] death from childbirth," Le Strat said. "But surprisingly, the impact of child marriage on mental health had never been studied."
Of the nearly 19,000 women in the U.S. study, close to 9 percent had been married before the age of 18. They were more likely to be black or American Indian/Alaska Native, poorer and less educated than women who married later. They were also more likely to live in the South and in rural areas, and much more likely to be older than 65 (of whom about 13 percent were married as children) than aged 18 to 29 (of whom 3.4 percent married as children).
It's not clear why the women in the study chose to get married before adulthood, but pregnancy seems to have played a role. Almost half of the women who married as children were pregnant before adulthood, compared to just 3 percent of those who got married as adults, the authors noted.
The researchers found that slightly more women who'd married as children had suffered from mental disorders throughout their lifetimes, compared those who'd married as adults -- 53 vs. 49 percent, respectively
Specifically, major depressive disorder and nicotine dependence were the most common disorders among those married as children. There wasn't a big difference in terms of alcohol and illegal drug abuse, although those women married as children were much more likely to smoke cigarettes (the study classified tobacco addiction as a mental illness).
The study found that a higher risk of most mental disorders was common in women married as children. After adjusting for other factors, the researchers found that antisocial personality disorder was the most common disorder.
Nevertheless, it's difficult, and perhaps impossible, to know for sure if child marriage was behind a higher rate of mental illness, since other factors could be part of the picture.
"What we have here is only an indirect proof that child marriage may have negative effects on mental health," Le Strat stressed.
One alternative possibility is that something about these women could make them more likely to get married as children and to suffer from mental illness, the researchers asserted.
One fact is clear, though, said Linda J. Waite, a professor of sociology at the University of Chicago who studies marriage. Both men and women who marry young are more likely than other people to get divorced, she said, although Latino women are an exception to the rule.
Those higher divorce rates only disappear when people reach their mid-20s, she noted.
Why are marriages at younger ages so much more fragile? "One of the arguments is that testosterone levels in young men are too high," Waite said, "and they're related to all sorts of behaviors that make men bad husbands -- infidelity, abuse, difficulty getting along with people. Another argument is that young people are still sorting things out, getting settled and figuring out who they are. If you marry quite young, you don't know who you're marrying and that person will probably change."
As for the idea of limiting child marriage, Waite said that "the issue is when women are forced or pressured to marry early," such as in the South and in religious communities. "It's a real problem."

SOURCES: Yann Le Strat, M.D., psychiatrist, Louis-Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France and adjunct scientist, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; Linda J. Waite, Ph.D., professor, sociology, University of Chicago; Sept. 2011, Pediatrics

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Women Married Before Age 18 at Higher Risk of Mental Woes: Study: MedlinePlus

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But some patients with rapid deterioration might still benefit from it, researchers say

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TUESDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) -- The extent of heart muscle damage in heart attack patients isn't reduced by inserting a balloon pump into the aorta -- the body's main artery from the heart -- before performing a surgery to clear clogged blood vessels known as angioplasty, a new study finds.
The balloon pump, or intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), is designed to increase blood supply to the heart in order to reduce its workload. Animal studies have suggested this emergency measure -- generally temporary -- might reduce the amount of heart muscle damage caused by a heart attack, but Duke University Medical Center researchers found that's not the case in humans.
Their study compared 161 heart attack patients with the most serious kind of heart attack (known as a STEMI) who received a balloon pump prior to angioplasty and 176 patients who had angioplasty without such therapy.
There was no significant difference in the amount of heart muscle damage between the two groups.
The group who received the balloon pump had more short-term medical complications, including major bleeding and vascular problems, than the control group receiving standard care.
However, at six months, only three patients (1.9 percent) who underwent the balloon pump procedure had died, compared with nine of the group (5.2 percent) who received standard care.
Although the study was not designed to examine clinical outcomes, the researchers were pleased with the low mortality rate (under 5 percent) in the group that received the intra-aortic balloon pump therapy.
"While routine use of IABC is not recommended, physicians should be vigilant about identifying patients who are at risk for rapid deterioration and may benefit from [it]," said cardiologist and principal investigator Dr. Manesh Patel in a Duke University news release.
The study was published online August 30 in the Journal of the American Medical Society and presented at a meeting of the European Society of Cardiology.

SOURCE: Duke University Medical Center, news release, Aug. 30, 2011

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Effects of Combat Stress May Not Last as Long as Thought

Brain scans found evidence of possible PTSD dissipated 18 months after service

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TUESDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) -- The intense combat stress experienced by soldiers deployed to Iraq, Afghanistan or other war-torn countries may prime their brains for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but new research suggests these changes don't last as long as previously thought.
PTSD is an anxiety disorder that develops after witnessing or surviving a traumatic event. Symptoms may include vivid flashbacks of the event, edginess, sleeping difficulties including nightmares and/or avoidance of any situation that may remind you of the trauma. These symptoms can appear at any time after the trauma.
The amygdala is the part of the brain where strong emotions such as anger or fear arise. Researchers used functional MRI scans to measure activity in this region of the brains of 23 soldiers who were sent to Afghanistan for four months. They compared the results of these scans to those of 16 soldiers who were not sent to Afghanistan before deployment, shortly after deployment and again 18 months later.
All soldiers performed a face-matching task in which they matched angry or fearful faces in response to visual stimuli during the brain scan. The amygdala lit up on the scans shortly after deployment among soldiers sent to Afghanistan, compared to those who were not. However, there were no differences in amygdala function between the two groups of soldiers 18 months after returning.
"These changes occur in healthy soldiers and take up to a year to normalize to a pre-deployment state, suggesting that the changes observed shortly after combat reflect an adaptation to the dangerous environment they are exposed to," explained study author Dr. Guido van Wingen of the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior at Radboud University Nijmegen in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. The research appears online Aug. 30 in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.
"These changes in brain functioning are the consequence of stress exposure, and it might turn out that brain imaging several months to a year after deployment could show whether a soldier's brain [normalizes]..., which could be a first indication for a potential need for additional care," he said.
Dr. Alan Manevitz, a psychiatrist with Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, said that it may help explain why some people bounce back after a traumatic event, and others do not.
Some amygdalas may simply be more resilient that others, he explained. "This is one potential biologic basis of resilience," he said. Many questions remain, he noted, such as, "If you are constantly exposed to traumatic events during combat or even through repetitive flashbacks, are you putting your brain at risk?"
Treatment for PTSD involves psychotherapy plus medication. "We want to help people safely revisit their memories in the present without living the trauma," he said.

SOURCES: Guido van Wingen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Alan Manevitz, M.D., psychiatrist, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City; Aug. 30, 2011, Molecular Psychiatry

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Bacterial Strain Behind 'Black Death' Plague Is Likely Extinct: Study: MedlinePlus

Bacterial Strain Behind 'Black Death' Plague Is Likely Extinct: Study

Analysis of medieval bones finds Y. pestis has changed over the centuries

URL of this page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_115933.html
(*this news item will not be available after 11/28/2011)

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TUESDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) -- Using bones retrieved from London's medieval graveyards, scientists have isolated the strain of bacteria thought to be responsible for the Black Death, and determined that it is most likely now extinct.
The plague, caused by a strain of flea-borne bacteria called Yersinia pestis, ravaged Europe close to seven centuries ago. But the variant of the bacterium behind that scourge is different from the modern strain that still causes about 2,000 new cases of bubonic and pneumonic plague each year, researchers said.
The new research also confirms Y. pestis as the culprit behind the medieval outbreak, the study authors said.
"The controversy as to what caused the Black Death is now resolved," said study co-author Hendrik Poinar, associate professor in the department of anthropology at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. "It clearly was the bacterium Yersinia pestis that was responsible for 30 million deaths some 660 years ago."
Poinar and colleagues from the United States, Germany, and Britain discuss their findings in the Aug. 29 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
By it's conclusion, the Black Death outbreak (1347-1351)was responsible for killing off about one-third of Europe's population.
A subsequent 19th century pandemic involving Y. pestis took the lives of roughly 12 million Chinese. And the threat has endured: in the 21st century about 10 to 20 Americans (and more than 2,000 people worldwide) will develop plague each year. Fortunately, experts note that the germ is susceptible to antibiotics so the disease is not as deadly as it once was.
For the new study, the researchers turned to skeletal remains retrieved from the East Smithfield mass burial site in London. The plot is one of only several in the world that archeologists have conclusively linked to the 14th century pandemic.
In all, 109 skeletal remains (derived from Black Death patients buried between 1348 and 1350) underwent comprehensive DNA sequencing. In the end, the team used a new "targeted DNA capture approach" to construct what they say is the "longest contiguous genomic sequence for an ancient pathogen to date."
Comparing the 14th century bacterium against 21st century examples, the investigators reached a definitive conclusion: the two strains are not the same.
What's more, as the medieval bacterium does not match any strains of Y. pestis currently known to be at large, the researchers concluded that the potentially more virulent ancient strain of the bacterium no longer exists.
"Bacteria can mutate over time," explained Dr. Pascal James Imperato, chair of the department of preventive medicine and community health at the State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center in New York City. "They have found that the DNA of this ancient bacteria does not exactly match what we have today. Which means we could be dealing with two very different types of organisms.
"This information informs us about transformations that can take place in microorganisms over time," Imperato added. "And that those transformations have a direct bearing on the capability of an organism to cause more or less serious clinical illness, and its ability to be transmitted more efficiently or less efficiently."
Dr. Philip Tierno, director of clinical microbiology and immunology at New York University Langone Medical Center in New York City, agreed.
"Insight into the evolutionary process can be helpful, because you can see what the virulent factors were that actually killed people," he said. "This type of investigation does have value, in that it can potentially highlight what's most lethal about the bacterium now at hand."
Poinar noted that the technology his team used to analyze the centuries-old Y. pestis may help humans fight pathogens today. "This will allow us to assess why they were so virulent in the past, and be better prepared should they re-emerge," he said.

SOURCES: Hendrik Poinar, Ph.D., associate professor, department of anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Pascal James Imperato, M.D., distinguished service professor and chair, department of preventive medicine and community health, and director, master of public health program, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York City; Philip Tierno, M.D., Ph.D., director, clinical microbiology and immunology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City; Aug. 29-Sept. 2, 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Bacterial Strain Behind 'Black Death' Plague Is Likely Extinct: Study: MedlinePlus

Migraines are not a lupus symptom: study: MedlinePlus

Migraines are not a lupus symptom: study

URL of this page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_115957.html
(*this news item will not be available after 11/28/2011)

Tuesday, August 30, 2011

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NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Despite a commonly-held belief among many doctors who treat lupus patients, headaches -- particularly migraines -- are not a manifestation of that disease and should be treated as a separate problem, report researchers in Greece.
Previous studies that found migraines to be more common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may have suffered from methodological errors, said senior author Dr. Dimos Mitsikostas from Athens Naval Hospital, and have led doctors to dismiss headaches as a neurological symptom of lupus.
Instead of being part of the disease, however, headaches may result from the stress of having the disease.
"In SLE, headaches may be associated with poor quality of life and bad mood. If an SLE patient reports headaches, please see if he or she is happy and if there is any other reason to cause secondary headaches and treat them not as an SLE feature, but like a separate disorder," Mitsikostas told Reuters Health in an email.
Although various studies of the headache question have produced conflicting results, the American College of Rheumatology includes headaches and migraine as part of the spectrum of lupus symptoms.
In a previous analysis, Mitsikostas and colleagues found no significant link between migraines and lupus. To clarify the association (or lack thereof), they performed the current study, in which lupus patients, healthy controls and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients all kept headache diaries for a year.
Like lupus, MS is a disease in which the body's own immune system attacks its nervous system, so Mitsikostas' group included 48 MS patients for comparison. The healthy controls in the study were matched by age and gender with the lupus patients to form 72 pairs.
All participants had similar headache frequencies in the year before the study period, except the lupus patients, who had a significantly higher number of tension-type headaches, the researchers report in the journal Headache.
Results were similar during the year of headache diaries: the three groups suffered comparable numbers of headaches, but chronic tension-type headache continued to occur more often in the lupus patients.
Migraine attacks were less severe and tended to be of shorter duration in lupus patients, whereas the severity of the chronic tension-type headaches was milder among lupus patients than among controls (but similar between lupus and MS patients).
Among both lupus and MS patients, the presence and type of headache could not be related to any other detectable manifestation of the disease, flare-up or cumulative damage.
Lupus patients had higher levels of anxiety and lower quality of life compared to controls and MS patients, and depression status was worse in lupus and MS patients than in controls. None of these features, however, coincided with the presence of headache.
"Although there are always missed points and issues for further evaluation, we feel that this study may be the last one in a long clinical research (path), starting 15 years ago," Mitsikostas concluded. "Yet, no pathophysiological links between SLE and migraine" could be found along the way, he wrote.
Somewhere between 322,000 and one million Americans are believed to have lupus, nine out of 10 of them women, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The disease is difficult to diagnose and there is no cure. Although some symptoms are treatable, approximately one third of deaths among lupus patients occur before age 45.
SOURCE: Headache, online July 28, 2011.

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URL of this page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_115956.html
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NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - A new study from South Africa found that more than two-thirds of mothers and other caregivers pre-chew food for their infants -- possibly putting those babies at risk of HIV if the caregiver is HIV-positive.
Though the researchers didn't ask the caregivers whether or not they had the virus when they discussed infant feeding, about half of them were interviewed at an HIV clinic.
Many caregivers who pre-chewed also had bleeding gums and mouth sores, and some reported giving bloody, chewed food to infants -- which could create a route for disease transmission if infants were teething or had any cuts in their own mouths.
Pre-chewing -- also known as premastication -- has also been reported in the U.S. and Latin America.
The current study is "yet one more setting around the world where someone has said that the practice of premastication is present in their society," said Dr. Aditya Gaur, of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, who did not work on the new research.
"The next thing is to see, how much of a risk does this practice pose in terms of transmission of pathogens?" he told Reuters Health.
Dr. Gaur was part of the research team that first tied pre-chewed food to HIV transmission in the U.S. But in general, he said, "the actual proven cases where you can show this link are few."
The new study, led by Dr. Elke Maritz of Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Children's Hospital in Cape Town, also could not prove a link between pre-chewing and new HIV infections in infants. But it did show the need to caution caregivers about those risks, especially in areas with high rates of HIV and hepatitis B -- another infection that could be passed to infants through chewed food, the researchers wrote in Pediatrics.
Maritz and colleagues interviewed 154 infant caretakers, mostly mothers, in the waiting areas of HIV, pediatric and maternal clinics and caregivers' homes.
Just over two-thirds of them, or 106, said they pre-chewed food for their infants. Fifty-five of those had an oral condition, such as bleeding gums or mouth sores, and 41 reported seeing blood in the chewed food they gave to infants.
It was also common for babies who received pre-chewed food to be teething or to have their own sores or gum bleeding.
"The frequency of reporting blood mixed with the food is of concern, especially as the infants often had oral lesions as well," Maritz told Reuters Health in an email.
Caregivers who pre-chewed said they did it to test the food's taste or temperature or to make it into a consistency that was easier for the baby to eat. Many of them said their own mothers had advised them to pre-chew food. Most probably didn't know the possible risks involved, researchers said.
"Due to its long history and cultural acceptance, premastication seems to be considered so harmless and natural by caregivers that they tend not to mention it during health interviews, or suspect that there could be something wrong with this feeding method," Maritz said.
Pre-chewing is not always a bad thing, researchers added. For example, pre-chewed food might be a good source of nutrition for infants whose families don't have access to processed baby food and in areas where malnutrition is common.
But it's important to balance the risk of malnutrition with the potential to pass HIV through chewed food, Gaur said.
Once researchers have a clearer picture of how common it is for HIV and other viruses to be transmitted that way, doctors can better counsel patients about their risks, and international infant feeding guidelines can reflect them, he added. But that will take further research.
"Once you become aware of the potential risk you have to share it with your patients, you have to make the community aware of the potential risk," Gaur concluded. "These studies should translate in terms of counseling and day-to-day practice."
SOURCE: Pediatrics, online August 29, 2011.

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Pre-chewed food may pose HIV threat to infants: MedlinePlus

More Evidence Links Genes to Parkinson's: MedlinePlus

More Evidence Links Genes to Parkinson's

Theory that the movement disorder occurs randomly is changing, researcher says

URL of this page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_115941.html
(*this news item will not be available after 11/28/2011)

By Robert Preidt

Tuesday, August 30, 2011

Related MedlinePlus Pages

• Genes and Gene Therapy
• Parkinson's Disease

TUESDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) -- A genetic variation that reduces the risk of Parkinson's disease by nearly 20 percent in many populations has been found by an international team of scientists.
They also identified other variants of the same gene -- LRRK2 -- that double the risk of Parkinson's in whites and Asians.
The Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease consortium's findings are from a genetic analysis of samples from more than 8,600 Parkinson's patients and almost 7,000 controls across 15 countries on five continents.
The investigation was led by neuroscientists at the Mayo Clinic in Florida, and the findings appear in the Aug. 31 online issue of The Lancet Neurology.
"The idea that Parkinson's disease occurs mostly in a random sporadic fashion is changing," lead investigator Owen Ross said in a Mayo news release. "Our study, one of the largest to date in the study of the genetics of Parkinson's disease, shows that a single gene, LRRK2, harbors both rare and common variants that in turn alter the susceptibility to Parkinson's disease in diverse populations."
These and future genetic findings could eventually help identify people at risk for Parkinson's and possibly lead to new treatments, Ross said.
One expert who was not involved in the study agreed that the findings hold promise.
"The finding that some variants in the LRRK2 gene can reduce the risk of Parkinson's disease is very interesting," said Dr. Andrew Feigin, associate professor of neurology and molecular medicine at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in Manhasset, N.Y. "[It] suggests that in addition to there likely being numerous genetic mutations that increase the risk of apparently sporadic disorders, there are also likely to be many genetic variations that reduce risk," he added.
"Though this observation may not lead directly to better treatments for Parkinson's disease, understanding how different genetic mutations in the same gene lead to increased or decreased risk for Parkinson's disease may provide clues to developing novel therapies," Feigin said.
Experts estimate that up to 2 percent of people over the age of 65 develop Parkinson's disease.

SOURCES: Andrew Feigin, M.D., associate professor, neurology and molecular medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, N.Y.; Mayo Clinic, news release, Aug. 30, 2011

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Flame Retardants Tied to Lower Birth Weights: MedlinePlus

Flame Retardants Tied to Lower Birth Weights

Phased out in 2004, the chemicals remain in older furnishings and household items, study says

URL of this page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_115936.html
(*this news item will not be available after 11/28/2011)

Tuesday, August 30, 2011

Related MedlinePlus Pages

• Environmental Health
• Pregnancy

TUESDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) -- A flame retardant that was phased out of use but is still present in older furnishings is linked to lower birth weights in newborns of women exposed to it during pregnancy, a new study suggests.
Evaluating levels of PBDEs -- or polybrominated diphenyl ethers -- in blood samples of 286 pregnant women, researchers from the University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health found that every 10-fold increase was tied to a 4.1-ounce drop in the birth weight of their babies.
"The good news is, these chemicals aren't being used anymore. But the bad news is, they're in things we don't replace very often," said study author Kim Harley, an adjunct assistant professor of maternal and child health and associate director of University of California Berkeley's Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health.
"Most of us are exposed to PBDEs and 97 percent of us have detectable levels," said Harley, adding that the research was the first large population-based study of its type.
In the United States and Europe, PBDEs were phased out of use in new products in 2004, but they are still found in older foam furniture, cars, high chairs, strollers, bedding and other goods. The chemicals are not chemically bound into products, she said, meaning they can leach into the environment.
The study, published Aug. 30 in the American Journal of Epidemiology, found a shift toward lighter birth weights in women exposed to the chemicals. But Harley noted that very few babies in the study were born weighing less than 5.5 pounds, the threshold below which infants are considered low birth weight and more likely to suffer social and cognitive delays.
Most of the women were Latinas from low-income families who participated in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) longitudinal study, which examines environmental exposures and reproductive health in an agricultural community. Earlier CHAMACOS research associated PBDE exposure to reduced fertility and altered thyroid hormone function in women.
Although it was difficult to pinpoint why the flame retardant would prompt lower birth weights, Harley said that anything that affects thyroid hormone levels might compromise maternal weight gain.
"If mothers don't gain as much, babies can be smaller," she said, adding that PBDEs are believed to be ingested orally rather than inhaled or absorbed, so stringent hand-washing and vacuuming can help control the chemicals' dispersal.
Jackson Morrill, director of the American Chemistry Council, said the study's link between PBDEs and birth weight was no larger than it might be due to chance once the authors implemented "proper controls" in the research, including factoring in different maternal weight gains or thyroid hormone levels. The authors also noted such a limitation in their paper.
"The authors themselves noted that the effect of maternal weight gain . . . could impact the study's outcomes," Morrill said. "The negative associations were not statistically or clinically significant, meaning that they are unlikely to have implications for human health."
Harley acknowledged that such factors could skew study results and that the study results should be replicated to confirm the link.
The authors also said that the PBDE levels in the women studied were lower than those in the overall U.S. population. Women with higher PBDE exposures might face a higher risk of delivering a low birth weight baby, they said.
"Obviously, it's important that our homes are safe from fire," Harley said. "But we need to be aware of that balance."

SOURCES: Kim Harley, Ph.D., adjunct assistant professor, maternal and child health, and associate director, Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, University of California, Berkeley; Jackson Morrill, director, American Chemistry Council; Aug. 30, 2011, American Journal of Epidemiology

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Off-label Drug Use

What is off-label drug use?

In the United States new drugs are tested in clinical trials (research studies) before they are approved for use in the general public. The clinical trials are done to prove that the drug:

• Works to treat a certain medical condition
• Works the way it is expected to
• Is safe when used as directed

When the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is satisfied that the drug works and is safe, it and the maker of the drug create the drug label. This is not an actual label that sticks onto a bottle, but a report of very specific information about the drug. The FDA must approve this report, which is made available to all health professionals who prescribe or sell the drug.
The drug label gives information about the drug, including the approved doses and how it's to be given to treat the medical condition for which it was approved. When a drug is used in a way that is different from that described in the FDA-approved drug label, it is said to be an "off-label" use. This can mean that the drug is:

• Used for a different disease or medical condition
• Given in a different way (such as by a different route)
• Given in a different dose than in the approved label

For example, when a chemotherapy drug is approved for treating one type of cancer, but is used to treat a different cancer, it is off-label use.
Off-label is also called "non-approved" or "unapproved" use of a drug.

Is off-label drug use legal?

The off-label use of FDA-approved drugs is not regulated, but it is legal in the United States and many other countries. An exception to this is the use of some controlled substances, such as opioids (pain medicines like morphine and fentanyl). These drugs cannot legally be prescribed in the United States except for approved purposes.
While it is legal for doctors to use drugs off label, it is not legal for drug companies to market their drugs for off-label uses. This has been a hot news topic recently, as drug companies have been fined because they promoted drugs for uses not approved by the FDA. Off-label marketing is very different from off-label use.

Why are drugs used off-label?

Older, generic medicines are the ones most often used off label. New uses for these drugs may have been found and there is often medical evidence to support the new use. But the makers of the drugs have not put them through the formal, lengthy, and often costly studies required by the FDA to officially approve the drug for new uses.
Off-label drug use is common in cancer treatment. There are many reasons for this:

• Some cancer drugs are found to work against many different kinds of tumors.
• Chemotherapy treatments often use combinations of drugs. These combinations might include one or more drugs not approved for that disease. Also, drug combinations change over time as doctors study different ones to find out which work best.
• Cancer treatment is always changing and improving.
• Oncologists and their patients are often faced with problems that have few approved treatment options.
• Oncologists and their patients may be more willing to try off-label drugs than other medical specialties.

What problems are caused by off-label drug use?

Reimbursement

The biggest problem is getting insurance plans to pay for off-label drug use (reimbursement). Many insurance companies will not pay for an expensive drug that is used in a way that is not listed in the approved drug label. They do this on the grounds that its use is "experimental" or "investigational."
In cancer treatment, these issues have been largely addressed through 1993 federal legislation that requires insurance to cover medically appropriate cancer therapies. This law includes off-label uses if the treatment has been tested in careful research studies and written up in well-respected drug reference books or medical journals. In 2008, Medicare rules were changed to cover more off-label uses of cancer treatment drugs.
Still, the health insurance coverage laws and regulations are complex. If your doctor is thinking about off-label drug use, you and your doctor should carefully check your health plan's coverage. If coverage is denied the first time, it may help for the doctor to send the insurer copies of peer-reviewed journal articles or other respected sources that support the off-label use.

Legal risk

Another problem is that off-label drug use often does not reflect "standard of care" treatment. This leads to possible concern about the legal risk of prescribing off-label should a patient have an unwanted or bad outcome from the treatment.

Lack of regulation and information

The FDA does not regulate the practice of medicine. In general, once the FDA approves a drug, licensed doctors can use it for any purpose they consider medically appropriate. Off-label use can vary greatly from one doctor to another. It depends on the doctor's preferences, knowledge, and past patient experiences.
One of the biggest problems related to widespread off-label use is the lack of information about how to best use the drug beyond what was approved. One of the most reliable and easy-to-find sources of information available to health professionals, caregivers, and patients is the drug label. But the label can only contain the information that has been approved by the FDA, and it does not mention off-label uses.
The medical literature reports clinical trials, including those that are not part of the FDA approval process. This is the main source of off-label use information, although treatment guidelines may also offer options that include off-label use. Treatment guidelines are based on information from medical literature, including clinical trials, and recommend standard ways to treat certain diseases.
Lack of information on off-label drug use and outcomes may also put patients at a higher risk for medication errors, side effects, and unwanted drug reactions. It is important that the patient and doctor talk about the possible risks of using the drug and weigh them against the possible benefits.

How common is off-label drug use?

Little information is available on off-label prescribing in oncology in the US. Yet, a study done in 2008 found that 8 out of 10 cancer doctors surveyed had used drugs off-label. Off-label drug use is well-documented and very common in certain settings, such as pediatrics and HIV/AIDS care.
Studies have reported that about half of the chemotherapy used is given for conditions not listed on the FDA-approved drug label. In fact, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has stated, "Frequently the standard of care for a particular type or stage of cancer involves the off-label use of one or more drugs." Actual off-label use is likely much higher because chemotherapy is only one aspect of cancer treatment. Studies have yet to look at all the drugs used in cancer treatment, such as anti-nausea drugs and pain medicines.

What other ways are drugs used off label in cancer treatment?

One example of off-label drug use is tricyclic antidepressants to treat certain types of pain. This old class of antidepressant drugs is approved and labeled to be used for clinical depression. Today these drugs are seldom used for depression because safer drugs are now available to treat it. But doctors have found that the tricyclics often work very well in treating certain types of pain.
Another example is lorazepam (Ativan®), an anti-anxiety drug often used as an anti-nausea drug in cancer treatment. In oncology, Ativan is most commonly given under the tongue (the sublingual route), which is also not listed on the drug label. In this case, it is being given for an off-label use and by an off-label route.

What questions should I ask my doctor about off-label drug use?

Here are some questions you may want to ask your doctor. Start by asking if all the drugs recommended for your cancer treatment are approved for the planned use. If any of the drugs are not, you can ask:

• Is there evidence to support the off-label use of this drug to treat my type of cancer?
• Is this off-label drug likely to work better than an approved drug?
• What are the risks and benefits of off-label treatment with this drug?
• Will my health insurance cover off-label treatment with this drug?
• If my treatment involves a combination of drugs and one of the drugs is being used off label, will my health insurance cover it?

To learn more

More information from your American Cancer Society

We have selected some related information that may also be helpful to you. These materials are on our Web site (http://www.cancer.org/) or may be ordered from our toll-free number (1-800-227-2345).
Clinical Trials: What You Need to Know
Health Insurance and Financial Assistance for the Cancer Patient (also available in Spanish)
Prescription Drug Assistance Programs (also available in Spanish)
Talking With Your Doctor (also available in Spanish)
Health Professionals Associated With Cancer Care
Understanding Chemotherapy: A Guide for Patients and Families (also available in Spanish)
Questions People Ask About Cancer (also available in Spanish)

National organizations and Web sites*

Along with the American Cancer Society, other sources of information and support include:
National Cancer Institute
Toll-free number: 1-800-422-6237 (1-800-4-CANCER)
Web site: http://www.cancer.org/AboutUs/Redirect/index?h=http://www.cancer.gov&n=National%20Cancer%20institute

Provides accurate, up-to-date information about cancer to patients, their families, and the general public, also has a free clinical trials matching service

US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Toll-free number: 1-888-463-6332
Web site: http://www.cancer.org/AboutUs/Redirect/index?h=http://www.fda.gov/cder&n=US%20Food%20and%20Drug%20Administration%20Center%20for%20Drug%20Evaluation%20and%20Research

Offers information about approved drugs, but cannot discuss drugs under investigation unless the company making the drug has published material on that drug. Will provide contact information for drug companies if callers know the name of the company

*Inclusion on this list does not imply endorsement by the American Cancer Society.

No matter who you are, we can help. Contact us anytime, day or night, for cancer-related information and support. Call us at 1-800-227-2345 or visit http://www.cancer.org/.

References

American Society of Clinical Oncology. Reimbursement for Cancer Treatment: Coverage of Off-Label Drug Indications. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3206−3208.
Fairman KA, Curtiss FR. Regulatory Actions on the Off-Label Use of Prescription Drugs: Ongoing Controversy and Contradiction in 2009 and 2010. JMCP. 2010;16(8):629−639.
Kocs D, Fendrick AM. Effect of Off-label Use of Oncology Drugs on Pharmaceutical Costs: The Rituximab Experience. The American Journal of Managed Care. 2003;9:393−402.
Largent EA, Miller FG, Pearson SD. Going Off-label Without Venturing Off-Course: Evidence and Ethical Off-label Prescribing. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1745−1747.
Mortenson LE. The off-label debate: a threat to the future of cancer care. Cancer Invest. 1991;9:597−599.
National Cancer Institute. Understanding the Approval Process for New Cancer Treatments. Q&A: Off-Label Drugs. Accessed at www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/education/approval-process-for-cancer-drugs/page5 on March 10, 2011.
Peppercorn J, Burstein H, Miller FG, Winer E, Joffe S. Self-reported practices and attitudes of US oncologists regarding off-protocol therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(36):5994−6000.
Poole SG, Dooley MJ. Off-label prescribing in oncology. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12:302−305.
Thakkar S. Oncologists judge themselves the best judges of cancer treatments. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1188−1189.
United States General Accounting Office. Off-label drugs, reimbursement policies constrain physicians in their choice of cancer therapies (report GAO/PEMD-91-14). September 1991. Washington DC. Accessed at http://archive.gao.gov/d18t9/144933.pdf on March 10, 2011.

Off-Label Drug Use

Family Heart Disease Risk Linked to Genes, Not Lifestyle: MedlinePlus

Family Heart Disease Risk Linked to Genes, Not Lifestyle

Study including adoptive and biological parents sheds light on nature versus nurture question

URL of this page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_115935.html
(*this news item will not be available after 11/28/2011)

By Robert Preidt

Tuesday, August 30, 2011

Related MedlinePlus Pages

• Family History
• Genes and Gene Therapy
• Heart Diseases

TUESDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) -- Genes affect hereditary coronary heart disease risk but family lifestyle does not, according to a new study.
While it's long been known that hereditary factors influence this risk, it hasn't been clear whether this is due to genes or unhealthy lifestyle in the family, the Swedish researchers said.
In order to answer that question, the investigators examined the health records of 80,214 adopted men and women in Sweden who were born in 1932 or later and developed coronary heart disease between 1973 and 2008. The researchers also studied the participants' adoptive and biological parents.
Adopted people with at least one biological parent with coronary heart disease had a 40 to 60 percent higher risk of coronary heart disease than people in a control group.
There was no increased risk for people with one or two adoptive parents who had coronary heart disease, the researchers reported in the August issue of the American Heart Journal.
"The results of our studies suggest that the risk of coronary heart disease is not transferred via an unhealthy lifestyle in the family, but rather via the genes," study leader Kristina Sundquist, a professor at the Center for Primary Health Care Research in Malmo, Sweden, said in a journal news release.
"But that does not mean that one's lifestyle is not a factor in one's own risk of developing coronary heart disease," she added.

SOURCE: American Heart Journal, news release, Aug. 26, 2011

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EL BIRUNI: DIRECTORIO DE DOCUMENTOS EDITADOS EN AGOSTO 2011

miércoles 31 de agosto de 2011

CIENCIAS MÉDICAS NEWS
CIENCIAS MÉDICAS APLICADAS
RESEARCH & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT

miércoles 31 de agosto de 2011
EL BIRUNI: DIRECTORIO DE DOCUMENTOS EDITADOS EN AGOSTO 2011 [*]
GRUPO DE BLOGS SALUD EQUITATIVA
► Iniciado en enero de 2009:
http://elbiruniblogspotcom.blogspot.com/
▲ CIENCIAS MÉDICAS NEWS


► Iniciado en abril de 2008:
http://saludequitativa.blogspot.com/
▲ GESTIÓN EN SALUD PÚBLICA


► Iniciado en enero de 2009:
http://herenciageneticayenfermedad.blogspot.com/
▲ CIENCIAS DE LA HERENCIA


Consultas acumuladas desde enero 2009 a la fecha: 412.782
Consultas totales conjuntas (todos los blogs): 1.935.606
Páginas consultadas desde el inicio de los blogs (3):  21,1 millones

Discriminadas como sigue:
1. ESTADOS UNIDOS DE NORTEAMÉRICA: 77.486 [18,8%]
2. ARGENTINA: 54.005 [13,1%]
3. ESPAÑA: 49.856 [12,1%]
4. MÉXICO: 47.995 [11,6%]
5. COLOMBIA: 21.003 [ 5,1%]
6. PERÚ: 18.732 [ 4,5%]
7. VENEZUELA: 17.642 [ 4,3%]
8. CHILE: 12.393 [ 3,0%]
9. ECUADOR: 8.374 [ 2,0%]
10. INDIA.: 7.516 [ 1,8%]
11. LOS DEMÁS: 97.780 [23,7%]
Total de consultas: 412.782

Documentos del mes de AGOSTO 2011: 737
Documentos acumulados en 2011: 5.570
Documentos editados desde el inicio del blog: 16.385


MUESTRA ESTADÍSTICA (de un día): (al 31 de AGOSTO de 2011)
Páginas vistas por países (según estadísticas Google):
Estados Unidos 4.032
Alemania 950
Francia 306
Eslovenia 303
México 264
Noruega 176
India 158
Ucrania 142
Suiza 133
Rusia 128

Google indica que, en un tercio del lapso monitoreado por Motigo, registran ►
Páginas vistas en el último mes 44.739
Páginas vistas (historial completo) 570.780

Archivo del blog
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1. Drug Safety and Availability > FDA Alerts Health C...
2. Uterine stem cells used to treat diabetes in mice,...
3. Gene replacement treats copper deficiency disorder...
4. NIMH · Autism Risk in Younger Siblings May be High...
5. NIMH · Suicide Prevention and Research
6. CDC - Key Data & Statistics in Injury & Violence P...
7. Toddler's Dust Mite Sensitivity May Predict Later ...
8. Women may get unneeded osteoporosis screening: Med...
9. CDC Data & Statistics
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10. CDC Recommends Seasonal Flu Shot for People with E...

11. NIMH · Biology, Not Just Society, May Increase Ris...
12. Guidances > Emergency Use of an Investigational Dr...
13. Oversight of Clinical Investigations — A Risk-Base...
14. Guidance Documents (Medical Devices and Radiation-...
15. Guidance Documents (Medical Devices and Radiation-...
16. CDC Vital Signs - Colorectal Cancer
17. Vaccines: Pubs/VIS/News
18. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Enhancing healt...
19. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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20. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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21. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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22. National Guideline Clearinghouse
The role of cyt...
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24. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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25. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR–ASNR practi...
26. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Non-pharmacolog...
27. Research Activities, September 2011: Announcements...
28. Research Activities, September 2011: Announcements...
29. Research Activities, September 2011: Announcements...

30. Research Activities, September 2011: Chronic Disea...
31. Research Activities, September 2011: Chronic Disea...
32. Research Activities, September 2011: Chronic Disea...
33. Research Activities, September 2011: Child/Adolesc...
34. Research Activities, September 2011: Child/Adolesc...
35. NIH database will speed research toward better pre...
36. Smoking and Bladder Cancer - National Institutes o...
37. Making Antibodies That Neutralize HIV - National I...
38. Learning How Support Cells Kill Nerve Cells in ALS...
39. Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal Homepage
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40. New mothers choose "tied tubes" over IUDs: study: ...
41. Moms' smoking linked to psychiatric meds in kids: ...
42. "Eccentric" exercises may ward off hamstring injur...
43. Stents to unclog arteries tied to bleeding events:...
44. Quitting Even Tougher When Smokers Battle Other Ad...
45. Gene Mutations Identified in Uterine Fibroids: Med...
46. NIH research model predicts weight with varying di...
47. Jogging Beats Weight Lifting for Losing Belly Fat:...
48. Starvation in Youth Linked to Heart Risk in Adulth...
49. Cheap drugs to cut heart risks "badly underused": ...

50. New Blood Thinner May Outperform Warfarin for Irre...
51. NIH-funded researchers discover genetic link to me...
52. Press Announcements > FDA approves Xalkori with co...
53. Depression fact sheet
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54. South Florida Symposium on the National HIV/AIDS S...
55. Olaparib in patients with recurrent high-grade ser...
56. Chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic disorder...
57. Getting James' Voice Back with an Implant
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58. Virus Destroys Parkinson's Symptoms
Medical News...
59. Bone Scaffold: Medicine's Next Big Thing?
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60. CDC - NHSN
61. CDC - Monitoring Blood Safety - Blood Safety
62. CDC - Basics - Blood Safety
63. The Tumor Lysis Syndrome — NEJM
64. Cronobacter sakazakii ST4
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65. Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans in Woman and Ca...
66. E. coli O104:H4 from Europe and South Korea
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67. Canine Serology and Human Lyme Disease
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68. Differential Risk for Lyme Disease along Trail
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69. Scrub Typhus–like Illness, Chile
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70. Realistic Activity Goals Seem to Ease Arthritis Pa...
71. Vaccines largely safe, U.S. expert panel finds: Me...
72. Faster Way to Treat Partners of Women With STDs Ur...
73. Calcified Plaque in Arteries May Be Tied to Stroke...
74. The Brain Attack Coalition: Establishing a Stroke ...
75. Scoring System May Tell the Dying How Long They Ha...
76. Obesity Continues to Balloon in U.S. and U.K.: Stu...
77. Blood Pressure Measurements at Emergency Departmen...
78. AHRQ's Health Care Innovations Exchange Announces ...
79. Classical BSE and H-Type Prion
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80. Breast Cancer Rates by State
81. Breast Cancer Rates by Race and Ethnicity
82. Geographic Distribution of Endemic Mycoses
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83. Tubulinosema sp. Microsporidian Myositis
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84. CDC - Blogs - Genomics and Health Impact Blog – Th...
85. Effect of Foodborne Diseases, Greece
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86. Vol. 17, No. 9 Cover: The Monkey's Paw
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87. Let's Talk About High Blood Pressure and Stroke
88. Myths About High Blood Pressure
89. Let?s Talk About Changes Caused by Stroke

90. Let?s Talk About Emotional Changes After Stroke
91. Let?s Talk About Feeling Tired After a Stroke
92. Let?s Talk About Lifestyle Changes to Prevent Stro...
93. How Can I Manage Stress?
94. RVF Vaccine Development, Progress and Constraints ...
95. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viru...
96. Reassortment between Influenza Viruses in Pigs
C...
97. Effect of Antiviral Drug Use during Pandemic
CDC...
98. Perinatal Transmission of Yellow Fever
CDC EID
99. Health Care Students and Measles
CDC EID

100. Bocavirus in Children
CDC EID
101. Pediatric Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Israel
CDC EID
102. Modeling with FluSurge for Pandemic, Australia
C...
103. Intrahousehold Transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 200...
104. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus in Swine Herds
CDC EI...
105. School Dismissal during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
CDC...
106. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Neonates, Japan
CDC EID
107. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Transmission
CDC EID
108. Syndromic Surveillance, New York
CDC EID
109. Effects of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Australia
CDC E...

110. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Kenya
CDC EID
111. Seroepidemiologic Study of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
...
112. Malaria among US Military Members
CDC EID
113. Inpatient Capacity at Children's Hospitals
CDC E...
114. M. chelonae-abscessus Complex, USA
CDC EID
115. PLoS Pathogens: Tumor Cell Marker PVRL4 (Nectin 4)...
116. Press Announcements > FDA approves Xalkori with co...
117. NIH research model predicts weight with varying di...
118. Brain Attack Coalition updates recommendations for...
119. Vaccines: Pubs/ACIP Recommendations

120. PHG Foundation
Further insight into the genetic ...
121. A copy number variation morbidity map of developme...
122. PHG Foundation
Self-reported medical data suppor...
123. Efficient Replication of over 180 Genetic Associat...
124. Comparative analysis of genome-wide-association .....
125. Microarray as a first genetic test in g... [Dev Me...
126. PHG Foundation
FDA plans ahead for personalised ...
127. Lynch syndrome screening implementation: bus... [A...
128. Young Smokers' Views of Genetic Susceptibi... [J C...
129. Molecular Genetics External Qualit... [Genet Test ...

130. Are Genetic Counselors and GLBT Patients "on t... ...
131. A large health system's approach to utilization of...
132. Pharmacogenetic testing to predict antipsyc... [Ph...
133. Race/Ethnic Variation in the Associati... [Circ Ca...
134. Match-Making Program Uses Gene Expression Patterns...
135. Needles in stacks of needles: finding disease-... ...
136. PHG Foundation
Progress in stratified medicine f...
137. PHG Foundation
Mutations in key gene linked to d...
138. Chromosomes and Cancer
The Scientist
139. CDC Features - Four Specific Health Behaviors Cont...

140. TRIALs: Open Studies
"Air Pollution" - List Resu...
141. 4H Syndrome
142. Release No. 0379.11 ─ USDA Offers Food Safety Tips...
143. Heavier women may have less IVF success: MedlinePl...
144. Cardiac arrest strikes young and old athletes alik...
145. Sophisticated Scan May Spot Seeds of Alzheimer's R...
146. Specialized Adult Stem Cells Re-Grow Fingertips: M...
147. Antidepressant Tied to Dangerous Heart Rhythm: FDA...
148. Domestic Violence: MedlinePlus
149. Breast-Feeding Won't Prevent Kids' Eczema, Researc...

150. Ovarian cysts may not lead to cancer: study: Medli...
151. Long-Term Antibiotic Use May Lessen COPD Flare-Ups...
152. People Appear to Dream While in Minimally Consciou...
153. CDC Data & Statistics
Feature: Cerebral Palsy Oc...
154. 'Bubble Boy' Kids Living Normally After Gene Thera...
155. Neurofibromatosis: MedlinePlus
156. Protein linked to Parkinson’s disease may regulate...
157. QuickStats: Prevalence of Obesity* Among Persons A...
158. Announcement: Clinical Vaccinology Course --- Nove...
159. Notes from the Field: Mortality Among Refugees Fle...

160. Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines:...
161. National and State Vaccination Coverage Among Adol...
162. Surveillance for Violent Deaths --- National Viole...
163. Press Announcements > FDA approves Firazyr to trea...
164. CDC Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity ...
165. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Venous thromboe...
166. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Immunizations.
167. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Diagnosis and m...
168. New CDC Resources on HIV Among Women and Transgend...
169. Study links low DHA levels to suicide risk among U...

170. Researchers produce detailed map of gene activity ...
171. Register now for September 15th Current Issues in ...
172. Press Announcements > FDA approves Botox to treat ...
173. CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products - NIOSH Guid...
174. Sentinel Initiative Website Update: Mini-Sentinel ...
175. Sentinel Initiative - Transforming How We Monitor ...
176. CDC Features - Concussion ABCs: Learn How to Respo...
177. For sleeping babies, softer isn't safer: MedlinePl...
178. Women Who Drink, Smoke Are Less Likely to Stick Wi...
179. Mental Illness Affects Women, Men Differently, Stu...

180. Women With Heart Failure Treated as Well as Men: S...
181. Mainstay Meds Often Cut Off Accidentally After Hos...
182. Injectable Psoriasis Drugs May Not Hike Heart Risk...
183. Common Heart Dysfunction Can Help Bring on Heart F...
184. Certain Foods Said to Help Lower Bad Cholesterol: ...
185. Baby research challenged in new report: MedlinePlu...
186. Nurses at Risk for Accidental Exposure to Chemo Dr...
187. Food Allergy Clinical Practice Guidelines
188. Drug Safety and Availability > FDA Drug Safety Com...
189. Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products > Celexa ...

190. Best Method to Predict Heart Attack Risk
Medical...
191. Testing for Heart-Valve Infection
Medical News a...
192. New Insights into Tumor Cells
Medical News and H...
193. Group A Streptococcal, General Info
CDC Bacteria...
194. Guidance for Industry Neglected Tropical Diseases ...
195. Expanding Capacity and Capability: Inclusion of Pa...
196. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...
197. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...
198. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...
199. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...

200. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...
201. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Child passenger...
202. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Guideline for t...
203. Guide on Contraceptive Safety Issued for Ob-Gyns
204. AIDSinfo - HIV Treatment Guidelines
205. NHGRI funds development of revolutionary DNA seque...
206. HHS Tightens Financial Conflict of Interest Rules ...
207. NIH releases best practices for combining qualitat...
208. TIP 42: Substance Abuse Treatment for Persons With...
209. TIP 51: Substance Abuse Treatment: Addressing the ...

210. Substance Abuse Treatment for Persons With Co-Occu...
211. Dlx3 Protein Linked to Skin Inflammation
212. NIMH · Borderline Personality Disorder
213. Decline in Hormone Therapy Linked to Fewer Mammogr...
214. Infections Among Those With Heart Devices Has Doub...
215. Writing problems common in kids with ADHD: Medline...
216. Less-invasive appendix surgery shines in new study...
217. Several Types of Drinking Tied to Poor Diet: Medli...
218. Glaxo HPV vaccine protects women from anal cancer:...
219. FDA Hepatitis Update - Pegasys and Copegus - pedia...

220. Hemodialysis — NEJM
221. Timeliness of Surveillance during Outbreak of Shig...
222. NIH-commissioned study identifies gaps in NIH fund...
223. NIH Blueprint empowers drug development for nervou...
224. Ample Water, Avoiding Dehydration Can Prevent Rena...
225. Second Annual National Drug Facts Week Begins Oct....
226. SUID/SIDS Resource Center: Statistics ► Sudden Inf...
227. Shift work may have little effect on pregnancy: Me...
228. Kids' Hacking Is Seldom Whooping Cough, Study Find...
229. Moms' Depression Affects Kids' Brain Structure, Sc...

230. People Appear to Dream While in Minimally Consciou...
231. Scientists find how "sticky" egg captures sperm: M...
232. Children With Food Allergies Often Face Skepticism...
233. Metabolic Syndrome Linked to Kidney Disease: Medli...
234. Celiac Disease on the Rise in U.S.: MedlinePlus
235. From the flight deck: diabetics, watch your insuli...
236. Excessive Heat Can Harm Medications, Expert Says: ...
237. Trying to Be 'Supermom' Can Raise Risk for Depress...
238. Trial Drug Shows Preliminary Promise Against Ovari...
239. Researchers Say They've Found Common Cause of All ...

240. Partitioning Regulatory Mechanisms of Within-Host ...
241. Parity and Lactation in Relation to Estrogen Recep...
242. Substance Abuse Treatment and Family Therapy
243. About the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research ...
244. Weight Loss Procedure Curing Diabetes?
Medical N...
245. Stem Cells: Healing Your Own Wounds?
Medical New...
246. Cold Hearted: Freezing Atrial Fibrillation
Medic...
247. Mortality associated with tiotropium mist inhaler ...
248. What's at stake? Genetic information from the pers...
249. Sources of Uncertainty About Daughters' Breast Can...

250. Reading Between the Lines: A Comparison of Respond...
251. Assessing causal relationships in genomics: From B...
252. Cancer GAMAdb: database of cancer genetic associat...
253. Multi-walled carbon nanotube-induced gene expressi...
254. Newborn screening for homocystinuria. [Cochrane Da...
255. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Recommendations...
256. European Journal of Human Genetics - Clinical util...
257. Comparative Effectiveness Review: Fecal DNA Testin...
258. Testing of CYP2C19 Variants and Platelet Reactivit...
259. Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Fact...

260. 4 Free Webinars for Emergency and Crisis Communica...
261. Compound improves health, increases lifespan of ob...
262. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Home Page - National Cancer I...
263. Hodgkin Lymphoma Home Page - National Cancer Insti...
264. Press Announcements > FDA approves Adcetris to tre...
265. NIMH · HIV-Infected Astrocytes Disrupt Blood-Brain...
266. NIMH · New Neurons in Adult Brain Buffer Stress
267. Penn-designed Regime Puts Patients with Cutaneous ...
268. Molecular link between BRCA1 protein levels and ob...
269. CDC - NIOSH Update - Diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione...

270. Viability of B. procyonis Eggs
CDC EID
271. R. parkeri Rickettsiosis, Argentina
CDC EID
272. Medical Office Comparative Database Submission Inf...
273. Test for Calcium Buildup May Spot Heart Attack, St...
274. Vision problems common after glaucoma surgery: Med...
275. Overweight Women Believe Loved Ones Judge Them Mor...
276. Study questions testosterone's link to early death...
277. Cases of Legionnaire's Disease Tripled in 10 Years...
278. Don't Skip This Year's Flu Shot: CDC: MedlinePlus
279. Gene Variants That Boost Lung Cancer Risk Identifi...

280. Flu Shot Rates Low for Health Workers, Moms-to-Be:...
281. Kids Benefit From Flu Vaccine via Shot or Spray, S...
282. Nearly 1 in 10 U.S. Kids Diagnosed With ADHD: Medl...
283. For Kids With Cancer, It’s Always Back-to-School S...
284. Early Results of Gene Therapy Show Promise Against...
285. Mosquito resistance to bednets fuels malaria worri...
286. Genital Herpes: MedlinePlus [PATIENTS FACTS]
287. National HIV Prevention Conference – Highlights of...
288. CDC Data & Statistics
Feature: Rates for New Can...
289. New CDC Resources to Promote Vaccines for Preteens...

290. Efficacy and Tolerability of Pegloticase for the T...
291. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Chi...
292. Other Allergies - FAAN
293. Notice to Readers: Final 2010 Reports of Nationall...
294. Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Pregnant Wome...
295. Legionellosis --- United States, 2000--2009
296. Surveillance of Certain Health Behaviors and Condi...
297. Inflammation From Rheumatoid Arthritis Tied to Hea...
298. New Uses Found for Old Drugs: MedlinePlus
299. Blood Antibody May Signal Start of Ovarian Cancer:...

300. Fat Around Heart May Be Early Indicator of Coronar...
301. Being Overweight May Take Years Off Seniors' Lives...
302. Researchers Find Genetic Link to Esophageal Cancer...
303. Ultrasound of Neck Arteries May Help Gauge Stroke ...
304. Children With Kidney Disease Face Many Health Woes...
305. Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Health-Care P...
306. Notes from the Field: Transplant-Transmitted Hepat...
307. Study finds mother's fat harms embryo development:...
308. Method to Detect When Patients Wake During Surgery...
309. Lessons From Tainted Peanut Butter Outbreak Apply ...

310. CDC – NCHHSTP Newsroom – New Data Show Syphilis Th...
311. Genome.gov
2011 News Feature: NHGRI researchers ...
312. Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines:...
313. Chemistry at the National HIV Prevention Conferenc...
314. National HIV Prevention Conference – Highlights of...
315. eMERGE network moves closer to tailored treatments...
316. Computational method predicts new uses for existin...
317. PLoS ONE: Vitamin D Receptor Deficiency Enhances W...
318. New model of ALS is based on human cells from auto...
319. LBSL - Genetics Home Reference

320. Cigarette smoking implicated in half of bladder ca...
321. Antipsychotics Best for Controlling Mania: Study: ...
322. Not enough evidence for bladder cancer screening: ...
323. New Drug May Relieve Severe, Tough-to-Treat Gout: ...
324. Blacks at Higher Risk for Resistant Breast Cancer:...
325. Five Genes May Be Tied to Lethal Prostate Cancer: ...
326. U.S. Women Using Dangerous Weight-Loss Pill 2 Year...
327. Some Thyroid Cancer Patients May Get Radioactive I...
328. Central Catheters May Raise Risk of Blood Clots Af...
329. The Fattier Your Heart, the Greater Your Heart Dis...

330. Press Announcements > FDA: Regulatory science plan...
331. Press Announcements > FDA approves Zelboraf and co...
332. Register Now for Webinar: Applying Cultural Awaren...
333. About the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research ...
334. NLM Director's Comments Transcript - Dietary Suppl...
335. FDA Webinar on Protecting Your Child's Health Thro...
336. Any Prime-Boost Mix of Injected or Spray Flu Vacci...
337. Risks of Plastic Surgery
Medical News and Health...
338. New Tool Predicts Death
Medical News and Health ...
339. First Genetic Clue in Development of Rheumatoid Ar...

340. Women Making Midlife Changes
Medical News and He...
341. Increased Estrogen Production Could Increase Risk ...
342. Preventing Chronic Disease: September 2011: 10_020...
343. Survival After Cardiac Arrest in ICU May Depend on...
344. Study Supports Selective Use of Drug-Coated Stents...
345. Radiation From Japan Reached California Coast in J...
346. Study questions important heart failure trials: Me...
347. Too Much TV May Take Years Off Your Life: MedlineP...
348. Obesity Before Pregnancy May Raise Child's Asthma ...
349. CDC - Flavorings-Related Lung Disease - NIOSH Work...

350. CDC Features - Chronic Hepatitis B and Asian & Pac...
351. NIMH · NIMH RAISE Project Makes Progress as Teams ...
352. Vitamin D Levels Linked to Certain Skin Cancers, S...
353. National HIV Prevention Conference – Highlights of...
354. Any prime-boost mix of injected or spray flu vacci...
355. Scientists show how gene variant linked to ADHD co...
356. I Want to Register for a PSPC 4.0 Informational We...
357. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. - Journal of Adolescent and...
358. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Global strategy...
359. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Tocolysis for w...

360. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Reduced fetal m...
361. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Maternal collap...
362. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Late intrauteri...
363. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Antiretroviral ...
364. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Antiretroviral ...
365. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Antiretroviral ...
366. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Recommendations...
367. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Effectiveness-b...
368. The Value of Using Evidence-Based Practices in Hom...
369. Drug Safety and Availability > FDA Drug Safety Com...

370. Screening for Bladder Cancer
371. National HIV Prevention Conference – Highlights of...
372. Diagnosis and Management of Stable Chronic Obstruc...
373. National Guideline Clearinghouse
American Colleg...
374. National Guideline Clearinghouse
American Colleg...
375. Patients Taking Antipsychotics Urged to Get Routin...
376. From the Couch to the Computer: A New Take on Ther...
377. Cardiologists Often Miss Heart Defects in Young At...
378. Sleep Apnea Makes Quick Return When Treatment Stop...
379. Music Eases Cancer Patients' Anxiety: Study: Medli...

380. Disabilities From 9/11 Behind Rising Retirements f...
381. Study links persistent depression to childhood abu...
382. Free Webinar: Using HealthMap's Web-based risk ana...
383. DIA About the Conference - Drug Information Associ...
384. Press Announcements > FDA proposes guidelines that...
385. Press Announcements > FDA seeks comment on propose...
386. » Recovery Defined – Give Us Your Feedback
387. Vocal Chord Dysfunction, Not Asthma
Medical News...
388. Aerosmith Star: Saving Voices With Lasers
Medica...
389. The Genome Family: Making Medical History
Medica...

390. Instant Exposure: iMRI Gives Surgeons The Edge
M...
391. Sex differences in mortality after acute myocardia...
392. Gender-Specific Short and Long-Term Mortality in D...
393. The Coagulopathy of Chronic Liver Disease — NEJM
394. Using Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms To Discrimin...
395. Next Generation Sequencing Technologies and Medica...
396. BSHG Conference 2011
British Human Genetics Conf...
397. SSIEM 2011: Society for the Study of Inborn Errors...
398. Redirecting T Cells — NEJM
399. Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified T Cells in Chro...

400. T Cells with Chimeric Antigen Receptors Have Poten...
401. Progress Made In Understanding Breast Cancer Risk
402. Johns Hopkins Scientists Map Genes For Common Form...
403. Mutations in CIC and FUBP1 Contribute to Human Oli...
404. Women with RAD51D gene fault more likely to develo...
405. Germline mutations in RAD51D confer susceptibility...
406. Genetics & Public Policy Center
News & Events ...
407. Noninvasive fetal sex determination using cell-fre...
408. Pan-ethnic carrier screening and prenatal diagnosi...
409. Quality Assessment of Genetic Counseling Process i...

410. Providers' Perceptions and Practices Regarding BRC...
411. Influence of Genetic Risk Information on Parental ...
412. Effectiveness of Pre-counseling Genetic Education ...
413. Effect of Pre-test Genetic Counseling for Deaf Adu...
414. Attitudes to reproductive genetic testing in women...
415. Correlates of Family Health History Discussions Be...
416. Putting genomics into practice -- Holmes et al. 34...
417. Impact of CYP2C19 variant genotypes on clinical ef...
418. An Introduction to Assessing Genomic Screening and...
419. Ethical implications and practical considerations ...

420. Acute Hepatitis C Outbreak, Madrid, Spain
CDC EI...
421. SAFV Infection in Children
CDC EID
422. Human Bocavirus DNA in Paranasal Sinus Mucosa
CD...
423. Mixed Genotype Infections with HCV, Pakistan
CDC...
424. West Nile Virus Aseptic Meningitis and Stuttering ...
425. No Evidence of Dengue Virus Circulation in Gabon
...
426. Enteric Coronavirus in Ferrets
CDC EID
427. Saffold Cardiovirus Type 2
CDC EID
428. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Diagnosis and t...
429. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Exercise and ty...

430. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...
431. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...
432. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...
433. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...
434. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...
435. Medication Management using Health IT for the Care...
436. Ocular Prophylaxis for Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neona...
437. Nighttime-breathing Treatments Backed by Strongest...
438. Community Health Impact of Extended Loss of Water ...
439. CDC - Personal Preparation and Storage of Safe Wat...

440. drinking-water-advisory-communication-toolbox
441. Water advisories also impact hospitals and health ...
442. We Want to Hear Your Stories About the National HI...
443. Advisory Committee Calendar > September 22-23, 201...
444. Celiac Disease: MedlinePlus [FACTS]
445. CDC NIOSH Science Blog: Keeping workers hydrated a...
446. Measuring Enzymatic HIV-1 Susceptibility to Two Re...
447. Ethical implications and practical considerations ...
448. CDC - Blogs - Genomics and Health Impact Blog – Sh...
449. Despite Study, Plenty of Fog Lingers Around Autism...

450. Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Fact...
451. Comparison of Increased Aromatase versus ERα in th...
452. Join AHRQ's Innovations Exchange for a free Web se...
453. Join AHRQ's Innovations Exchange for a free Web se...
454. CDC TV - The Obesity Epidemic
455. Low vitamin D levels are associated with increased...
456. The Quake that Brought Back Cholera - Inside Life ...
457. Hair loss common after childbirth
AAD
458. Alzheimer's Harder to Detect in the Very Old: Medl...
459. No Proof That Aspirin Aids Conception, Review Show...

460. Chest pain severity not a heart attack indicator: ...
461. Superbug more common in kids who've used antibioti...
462. Salmonella Outbreak Linked to Turkey Sickens More ...
463. Silence is golden during eye injections: MedlinePl...
464. Parkinson's Patients May Fare Better in Neurologis...
465. National Children’s Study upgrading data gathering...
466. FDA Webinar on Protecting Your Child’s Health Thro...
467. NIH-Led Team Maps Route for Eliciting HIV Neutrali...
468. New model of ALS is based on human cells from auto...
469. Lifestyle Interventions for Four Conditions: Type ...

470. Safety Information > July 2011
471. Intelligence Largely Rooted in the Genes: MedlineP...
472. HIV and AIDS Activities > Approval of Complera: em...
473. Press Announcements > FDA clears first test to qui...
474. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscop - P...
475. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ► ...
476. Media Availability: Scientists Explain Unique Acti...
477. Pumping Iron Helps Smokers Quit Without Weight Gai...
478. Breast Cancer Drug Raises Risk of Heart Problems i...
479. Human Cells Used to Make Replacement Anal Sphincte...

480. Daily Hot Dog May Feed Diabetes Risk: Study: Medli...
481. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Patients Prefer to Share De...
482. Gene therapy shown to destroy leukemia tumors: Med...
483. Honing in on the Genetics of MS: MedlinePlus
484. Heart failure linked to memory problems: study: Me...
485. ADHD, Autism May Sometimes Share Gene Mutations: M...
486. Birth defects tied to child brain tumors: MedlineP...
487. Insomnia, fatigue common in people with cancer: Me...
488. Women May Face Greater Heart Risk From Smoking Tha...
489. Brain electrical activity spurs insulation of brai...

490. Drug Duo Appears to Combat Infections of Lung Lini...
491. NIH-Led Team Maps Route for Eliciting HIV Neutrali...
492. Recalls, Market Withdrawals, & Safety Alerts > Fre...
493. Human Rabies from Exposure to a Vampire Bat in Mex...
494. Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication --- Nige...
495. Characteristics Associated with HIV Infection Amon...
496. Effectiveness of Cochlear Implants in Adults with ...
497. Update on Horizon Scans of Genetic Tests Currently...
498. Lifestyle Interventions for Four Conditions: Type ...
499. HIV/AIDS Update - Approval of Complera: emtricitab...

500. PLoS ONE: Task-Induced Deactivation from Rest Exte...
501. The National Marrow Donor Program and Be The Match...
502. Survivors of Brain Hemorrhage May Experience PTSD:...
503. TRAPS - Genetics Home Reference [Tumor necrosis fa...
504. Regular Exercise Helps Keep Leg Arteries Clear: Me...
505. CM-AVM - Genetics Home Reference [Capillary malfor...
506. Parkes Weber syndrome - Genetics Home Reference
507. Elderly Lung Cancer Patients Can Gain From Two-Dru...
508. Serotonin Helps Control Body Temperature and Breat...
509. Gene Defect Linked to Disfiguring Disorder - Natio...

510. Treatment Helps With Kidney Transplants - National...
511. DCCPS: HCIRB: HINTS-GEM
512. Translational Science: From Molecular Information ...
513. Comparing Targeted Lung Cancer Therapies Based on ...
514. New Guidance for Personalized Breast Cancer Screen...
515. Tracking the Rise of Robotic Surgery for Prostate ...
516. Studies Reveal the Genetic Complexity of Head and ...
517. Genetic Study Provides Clues to Non-Hodgkin Lympho...
518. Higher Breast Density Linked to Increased Cancer R...
519. Computer System for Reading Mammograms Does Not Ap...

520. Mobile Phone Use Does Not Raise Cancer Risk in Chi...
521. Genome Region Tied to Risk of Second Cancers after...
522. Managing Diabetes With Your Phone
Medical News a...
523. Turning Mice Stem Cells into Sperm
Medical News ...
524. Antidepressants: Going to Wrong Patients
Medical...
525. Genetic Analysis to Monitor Fetus
Medical News a...
526. Development in Anti-tumor Drugs
Medical News and...
527. SAMHSA ►Register Today: Joint Meeting Open to the ...
528. Multiple sclerosis and disease-modifying therapies...
529. Treating Sleep Apnea: A Review of the Research for...

530. Are Kids Brown-Bagging Bacteria?: MedlinePlus
531. Scientists find new ovarian cancer gene: MedlinePl...
532. Toe Deformities Should Be Treated Early: Experts: ...
533. Soy Supplements Don't Ease Bone Loss, Menopausal S...
534. Many Heart Patients Anemic After Too Many Blood Te...
535. Life-Threatening Leg Clots Run in Families, Study ...
536. Frequent Tests Help Track Progression of Glaucoma,...
537. Deep Brain Stimulation Improves Parkinson's Sympto...
538. As Heart Failure Worsens, Word Recall May Suffer T...
539. No link between MS, narrow blood vessels: study: M...

540. Bullying Takes Toll on High School Test Scores: Me...
541. Technique to stimulate heart cells may lead to lig...
542. Siblings of those with blood clots in leg have hig...
543. Elderly Lung Cancer Patients Can Gain From Two-Dru...
544. CT Shows Changes in Lungs Associated with COPD Fla...
545. West Nile Virus
CDC Features - West Nile Virus
...
546. Early Morning Smoking Riskier For Cancer: MedlineP...
547. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Recommendations...
548. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Operative vagin...
549. National Guideline Clearinghouse
Placenta praevi...

550. National Guideline Clearinghouse
the diagnosis a...
551. National Guideline Clearinghouse
The prevention ...
552. Home
StopBullying.gov
553. Safe Use of Over-the-Counter Pain Relievers and Fe...
554. Consumer Updates > Reducing Fever in Children: Saf...
555. Nighttime-breathing Treatments Backed by Strongest...
556. Peer feedback cuts doctors' over-use of tests: Med...
557. AAIC 2011
Press Release ► Mathematical Model Sti...
558. AAIC 2011
Press Release ► International Study of...
559. Counseling May Help Women at Risk for Breast Cance...

560. Eating Disorders Can Harm Women's Fertility: Medli...
561. Experts grow mouse sperm to help with human infert...
562. AAIC 2011
Press Release ► Brain Injury May More ...
563. CDC - YRBSS - Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Sys...
564. Availability of Less Nutritious Snack Foods and Be...
565. Recommended Nutrition Standards for Foods Outside ...
566. Implementing Strong Nutrition Standards for School...
567. Recommended Nutrition Standards for Foods Outside ...
568. Recommended Nutrition Standards for Foods Outside ...
569. Recommended Nutrition Standards for Foods Outside ...

570. Nutrition - DASH/HealthyYouth
571. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading ...
572. Physical Activity Levels of High School Students -...
573. NYPANS: Summary of Key Findings ► CDC - YRBSS - NY...
574. CDC - YRBSS - NYPANS - Adolescent and School Healt...
575. Beverage Consumption Among High School Students --...
576. CDC Features - Reducing Access to Sugar-sweetened ...
577. Adjusting Routines Before School Starts May Ease T...
578. Blindsiding Eye Cancer
Medical News and Health I...
579. Migraine Makeover
Medical News and Health Inform...

580. Rare Transplant Surgery: Linda's New Hand
Medica...
581. CDC - Blogs - Genomics and Health Impact Blog – We...
582. Comment Draft Reports
AHRQ Effective Health Care...
583. Comment Key Questions
AHRQ Effective Health Care...
584. Predictive genetic testing for the identification ...
585. Reported referral for genetic counseling or BRCA 1...
586. Genetic Variation in Myeloperoxidase Modifies the ...
587. Genetic differences may affect vitamin E – cancer ...
588. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies o...
589. First Results Released By National Asthma Genetics...

590. Intrinsic Subtypes of Gastric Cancer, Based on Gen...
591. First Large-Scale Genomic Analysis Of Gastric Canc...
592. Many Military Vets in College Plagued By Thoughts ...
593. August 3, 2011, NIAID Funding Newsletter
594. Bulletin: HVTN 505 HIV Vaccine Study to Expand Sco...
595. Dermatologists have firm grip on new treatments fo...
596. Ovarian Cancer Screening Method Fails to Reduce De...
597. Abiraterone Improves Survival in Metastatic Prosta...
598. Gene Mutation Can Leave People Without Fingerprint...
599. Managing stress can help people improve their skin...

600. Types of Pancreatic Cancer: Exocrine
601. Nutrition After a Whipple procedure
602. Endocrine, Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
603. Thyroid Diseases: MedlinePlus >> Management of Mat...
604. Early diagnosis key to better treatment results fo...
605. New study supports recommendation to use broad-spe...
606. Communicating BRCA1/2 genetic test results within ...
607. Commentary: to genotype or not to genotype? Addres...
608. Are videoconferenced consultations as effective as...
609. A systematic review on pharmacogenetics in cardiov...

610. Personalized medicine for individuals with Down sy...
611. Detection of North American orthopoxviruses by rea...
612. Uric Acid as a potential cue to screen for iron ov...
613. Subtyping Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis ...
614. Serum Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) Genotype and Exposure ...
615. Serum Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) Genotype and Exposure ...
616. Investigation of a Researcher's Death Due to Septi...
617. Reported referral for genetic counseling or BRCA 1...
618. Genetic “signature” discovered in plaque, possible...
619. CDC NIOSH Science Blog: Low-dose CT Scans and Lung...

620. Closing the Quality Gap: Revisiting the State of t...
621. AHRQ Releases Tool to Help Consumers Reduce Medica...
622. In Conversation with…William B. Munier, MD, MBA ► ...
623. Entire Case A Seasonal Care Transition Failure ► A...
624. Patient Safety and Adherence to Self-Administered ...
625. Entire Case Watch the Warfarin! ► AHRQ WebM&M: Mo...
626. Register Now for Aug. 16 Webinar on How to Reduce ...
627. PLoS ONE: Estimated HIV Incidence in the United St...
628. The Changing Profile of Autopsied Deaths in the Un...
629. Drug Safety and Availability > FDA Drug Safety Com...

630. Drug Safety and Availability > FDA Drug Safety Com...
631. Malaria
632. Screening Effort Turns Up Multiple Potential Anti-...
633. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases: Leishmaniasis: M...
634. QuickStats: Percentage of Teens Aged 14--17 Years ...
635. Notes from the Field: Malnutrition and Mortality -...
636. Licensure of a Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine for...
637. Carbon Monoxide Exposures --- United States, 2000-...
638. West Nile Virus Disease and Other Arboviral Diseas...
639. Smoking Withdrawal Shows Up in Brain Mood Centers:...

640. Stomach Cancer Tumors Have Genetic Differences: Re...
641. High Dose of Yeast Infection Drug Linked to Birth ...
642. New Survey Data Reveals Parents’ Concerns about Ey...
643. Obesity Counseling Should Stress Brain, Not Willpo...
644. Memories Can Be Unreliable, Manipulated: MedlinePl...
645. New Tick-Borne Illness Infects Midwesterners: Medl...
646. Texts boost malaria treatment in African trial: Me...
647. Standard aplastic anemia therapy improves patient ...
648. CDC – NCHHSTP Newsroom – New multi-year data show ...
649. FSIS Issues Public Health Alert For Frozen, Fresh ...

650. Source of Salmonella-Tainted Turkey Still Unclear:...
651. Scientists Warn of New Multidrug-Resistant Salmone...
652. Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Reduce Inflammation and An...
653. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus - Genetics Ho...
654. Asperger syndrome - Genetics Home Reference
655. Genome.gov
Learning About Antiphospholipid Syndr...
656. Statins May Help Heart in Some Young Stroke Patien...
657. Gluten-Free ► Consumer Updates > A Glimpse at 'Glu...
658. Press Announcements > FDA approves the first speci...
659. Larger Dose of Zinc Lozenges May Shorten Colds: Me...

660. Common vein problem raises clot risk on the Pill: ...
661. Cancer Patients May Be at Greater Risk for Sun Dam...
662. Popular Antidepressants Not Always Best Choice for...
663. Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products > Difluca...
664. PLoS Medicine: AIDS Vaccine for Asia Network (AVAN...
665. PLoS Medicine: Reporting Guidelines for Survey Res...
666. PLoS Medicine: Are HIV Epidemics among Men Who Hav...
667. Dietary fiber intake and risk of breast cancer: a ...
668. Press Announcements > FDA reopens comment period o...
669. Study Tracks Masturbation Trends Among U.S. Teens:...

670. When Teens Abuse Prescriptions, Addiction Often Fo...
671. Colon Cleansing Has No Health Benefit, May Harm: R...
672. Prenatal Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplements May Cut Ba...
673. Fetal Exposure to Magnetic Fields From Appliances,...
674. Childhood Depression, Anxiety Tied to Pain in Adul...
675. New Guidelines for Spotting, Treating COPD Release...
676. For Many, Risks of Lung Biopsy May Outweigh Benefi...
677. Top 10 Myths about Cardiovascular Disease
678. Some exercise is better than none; more is better ...
679. Vital Signs: Hospital Practices to Support Breastf...

680. Press Announcements > FDA, international counterpa...
681. Keeping Platelets Safe: Potential Role of Antimicr...
682. Navigating the Health Care System: Why You Need to...
683. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Basic Prin...
684. Antidepressants and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder...
685. NIAID Seeks Patient Volunteers for Hepatitis Clini...
686. Drug Safety Podcasts > FDA Drug Safety Podcast for...
687. Model for in vivo progression of tumors based on c...
688. Dose Response Between Physical Activity and Risk o...
689. Expression of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Protein...

690. APOE genotype and extent of bleeding and outcome i...
691. WIP Is a Negative Regulator of Neuronal Maturation...
692. Pancreatitis, Pancreatic, and Thyroid Cancer With ...
693. Intrinsic Subtypes of Gastric Cancer, Based on Gen...
694. PLoS ONE: Modeling Abnormal Priming in Alzheimer's...
695. National Quality Measures Clearinghouse
Template...
696. National Guideline Clearinghouse
ACR Appropriate...
697. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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698. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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699. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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700. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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701. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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702. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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703. NIH Colorectal Cancer Screening Conference - Panel...
704. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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705. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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706. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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707. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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708. National Guideline Clearinghouse
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709. BARDA supports development of new drugs to treat r...

710. Long-Term Opioid Therapy Often Leads to Addiction:...
711. Blood Pressure Drop During Dialysis May Raise Clot...
712. Shootings Spark Interest in Spotting the Violence-...
713. CLINICAL TRIALS ► Search of: Open Studies
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714. CLINICAL TRIALS ► Search of: Open Studies
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715. CLINICAL TRIALS ► Search of: Open Studies
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716. CLINICAL TRIALS ► Search of: Open Studies
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717. CLINICAL TRIALS ► Search of: Open Studies
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718. CLINICAL TRIALS ►
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719. Research Activities, August 2011: Chronic Disease:...

720. Gene discovered that raises asthma risk in blacks:...
721. Traumatic brain injury linked with tenfold increas...
722. Most women carrying cancer genes take action: stud...
723. Research Activities, August 2011: Child/Adolescent...
724. Drop in Breast Cancer Death Rates May Not Be Linke...
725. Some Ethnic Groups More Vulnerable to Dangerous Fa...
726. Rate of stroke increasing among women during, soon...
727. Study Finds Kids Want More Info About Their Hospit...
728. Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight...
729. Heart Transplant: The Man Without A Heart
Medica...

730. Brushing Away Oral Cancer
Medical News and Healt...
731. Malaria Takes Limbs: Life Changing Bite
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732. Trends in Pregnancy Hospitalizations That Included...
733. Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and o...
734. Mammographic Breast Density and Subsequent Risk of...
735. Healing the Brain, Healing the Mind
736. A Neutralizing Antibody Selected from Plasma Cells...
737. Intradialytic Hypotension and Vascular Access Thro...
738.

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