WHO | Rapid advice: use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV Infection in infants

30 November 2009
Rapid advice: antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents

On the eve of World AIDS Day, the World Health Organization (WHO) is releasing new recommendations on treatment, prevention and infant feeding in the context of HIV, based on the latest scientific evidence.

WHO now recommends earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for adults and adolescents, the delivery of more patient-friendly antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), and prolonged use of ARVs to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. For the first time, WHO recommends that HIV-positive mothers or their infants take ARVs while breastfeeding to prevent HIV transmission.

Rapid advice - English [pdf 306kb] 27 páginas [NEW]
http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/rapid_advice_art.pdf


Key messages [NEW WHO RECOMMENDATIONS]- English [pdf 259kb] 5 páginas |
http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/art_key_mess.pdf


Nouvelles recommandations de l’OMS :
Traitement antirétroviral de l’adulte et de l’adolescent
French [pdf 270kb] idem before
http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/art_key_mess_fr.pdf

Related Rapid advice documents
Rapid advice: use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants
http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/rapid_advice_mtct.pdf

Key
New WHO recommendation s:
Preventing mother-to-child transmissionhttp://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/mtct_key_mess.pdf

French
http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/rapid_advice_mtct_fr.pdf

Nouvelles recommandations de l’OMS :
Prévenir la transmission mère enfant
http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/mtct_key_mess_fr.pdf

Rapid advice: infant feeding in the context of HIV
http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/hiv_if_principles_recommendations_112009.pdf

ABRIR AQUÍ para acceder al documento general WHO:
WHO | Rapid advice: antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents

o bien abrir aquí:
WHO | Rapid advice: use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV Infection in infants

WHO | Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 76

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 76
Weekly update
27 November 2009 -- As of 22 November 2009, worldwide more than 207 countries and overseas territories or communities have reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including over 7820 deaths.

As many countries have stopped counting individual cases, particularly of milder illness, the case count is likely to be significantly lower than the actual number of cases that have occurred. WHO is actively monitoring the progress of the pandemic through frequent consultations with the WHO Regional Offices and member states and through monitoring of multiple sources of data.

Situation update:
In temperate regions* of the northern hemisphere, the early arriving winter influenza season continues to be intense across parts of North America and much of Europe. In North America, the Caribbean islands and a limited number of European countries there are signs that disease activity peaked.

In the United States and Canada, influenza transmission remains very active and geographically widespread. In the United States, disease activity appears to have peaked in all areas of the country. In Canada, influenza activity remains similar but number of hospitalisations and deaths is increasing. Most countries in the Caribbean have ILI and SARI levels coming down.

In Europe, widespread and increasing transmission of pandemic influenza virus was observed across much of the continent and most countries that were not yet experiencing elevated ILI activity in the last few weeks, have seen a rapid increase in ILI. Very high activity is seen in Sweden, Norway, Moldova and Italy. Over 99% of subtyped influenza A viruses in Europe were pandemic H1N1 2009. Impact on health care services is severe in Albania and Moldova. Some countries seem to have peaked already: Belgium, Bulgaria, Belarus, Ireland, Luxemburg, Norway, Serbia, Ukraine and Iceland.

In East Asia, influenza transmission remains active. Intense influenza activity continues to be observed in Mongolia but has peaked already. In Japan, influenza activity remains stably elevated, but may be decreasing slightly in populated urban areas.

ILI activity in India and Nepal and Sri Lanka has increased.

In the tropical zone of the Americas and Asia, influenza transmission remains variable but low in many countries. In the tropical areas of Central and South America, most countries continue to report declining influenza activity, with the exception of Ecuador and Venezuela.

In the temperate region of the southern hemisphere, little pandemic influenza activity has been reported.

Weekly update (Virological surveillance data)
*Countries in temperate regions are defined as those north of the Tropic of Cancer or south of the Tropic of Capricorn, while countries in tropical regions are defined as those between these two latitudes.

**Abbreviations: influenza-like-illness (ILI), acute respiratory infection (ARI), and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI)

abrir aquí para acceder al documento WHO completo:
WHO | Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 76

DIRECTORIO DE DOCUMENTOS de NOVIEMBRE 2009

DIRECTORIO DE DOCUMENTOS de NOVIEMBRE 2009
Lunes 30 de NOVIEMBRE de 2009

CIENCIAS MÉDICAS NEWS©: Directorio de Documentos editados en OCTUBRE 2009
http://elbiruniblogspotcom.blogspot.com
un blog del conjunto salud equitativa®
http://herenciageneticayenfermedad.blogspot.com
http://saludequitativa.blogspot.com

Consultas acumuladas por el grupo de blogs de salud equitativa®: 278.430
CIENCIAS MÉDICAS NEWS©: Directorio de documentos editados en noviembre de 2009

Desde su creación el 10 de enero de 2009, el blog ha recibido 103.000 consultas (30/11/2009 a las 14.50 horas de Argentina). Una vez más, cabe agradecer a todos los anónimos que buscan en estas páginas contenidos científicos fehacientes, lo cual se transfiere a la calidad de las fuentes que los proveen.
Este blog es usualmente consultado desde todo el mundo (quién lo hubiera dicho). Acceden a él, instituciones académicas, centros de investigación, instituciones de salud tanto públicas como privadas, entes oficiales de distintos gobiernos, así como también profesionales médicos, bioquímicos, farmacéuticos, enfermeros, psicólogos y muchos otros de aquellos que integran el “equipo de salud”.
Si bien la intención original era publicar todo en idioma español únicamente, las circunstancias nos fueron impulsando a incluir documentos en idioma inglés, los que hoy ocupan mayoritariamente las ediciones diarias. Pedimos disculpas por ello, pero bajo la evidencia del interés que los mismos documentos en idioma inglés despiertan, sustentamos la conducta prometiendo acrecentar las ediciones en español para aquellos que no son bilingües o no se sienten cómodos leyendo en inglés.
Agradezco profundamente a todas y cada una de las fuentes: Agencia Europea de Medicamentos, Food and Drug Administration-USA, National Institute of Health-USA; CDC-USA; AHRQ-USA; NGC-USA; NQMC-USA; Sociedad Internacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas [ISID], IntraMed, El Hospital (usa), El Médico Interactivo (España), Jano.es/Elsevier (España), Diario Médico (España), y a todas las demás instituciones del gobierno de los estados unidos de norteamérica y Europa, que nos aportan diariamente con información altamente calificada.
Este blog se nutre de información en red que se distribuye gratuitamente y no monetiza los contenidos por respeto a las necesidades de los profesionales del equipo de la salud. Por dicho motivo, tenemos la libertad de administrar la información que recibimos sin emitir opinión (salvo excepciones de ética y/o bioética explícitas) y sin calificar como así tampoco descalificar a las fuentes. En lo personal entiendo que la información científico-médica debe ser de acceso universal ya que ello habilita a la discusión y al crecimiento del conocimiento. Cerasale©. Noviembre 30, 2009.-

ranking de consultas hasta el 30 de Noviembre de 2009:
1. Argentina: 20.240 - 19,5 %
2. España: 16.035 - 15,4%
3. México: 15.570 – 15,0 %
4. Estados Unidos: 7.682 - 7,4 %
5. Venezuela: 6.829 - 6,6 %
6. Perú: 6.764 - 6,5 %
7. Colombia: 6.416 - 6,2 %
8. Chile: 4.230 - 4,1 %
9. Ecuador: 2.430 - 2,3 %
10. Bolivia: 2.152 - 2,1%
el resto: 15.471 - 14,9 %
total: 103.819 - 100,0 %

ARCHIVO DEL BLOG
• ▼ 2009 (3918)
o ▼ noviembre (550)
 3905. ▲ Indoor Tanning: The Risks of Ultraviolet Rays
 3904. ► Infecciones de transmisión sanguínea o sexual [WHO...
 3903. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / Arabia Saudita (2)
 3902. ♠ NEJM -- Use of Diuretics in Patients with Hyperten...
 3901. H1N1 - gripe porcina - FRANCIA: grave mutación ide...
 3900. VARICELA en VENEZUELA [ISID]
 3899. ♠ NEJM -- Rituximab, B-Lymphocyte Depletion, and Pre...
 3898. Preventing Chronic Disease: January 2009: 07_0227_...
 3897. Preventing Chronic Disease: January 2009: 08_0009_...
 3896. International Diabetes Federation releases importa...
 3895. New International Diabetes Federation study reveal...
 3894. ♣♣ January 2010 expedited articles now online / CDC
 3893. ♣ Trichinosis and Soft-Shelled Turtles | CDC EID
 3892. ♣ E. vogeli Infection, French Guiana | CDC EID
 3891. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / FRANCIA: nuevas muta...
 3890. Reportan más de 1.000 muertes por H1N1 en la últim...
 3889. ♣ Outbreak of Antiviral Drug–Resistant Influenza A |...
 3888. ♣ Susceptibility of Poultry to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 ...
 3887. ♣ Tick-borne Agents in Rodents, China | CDC EID
 3886. ♣ Rickettsia slovaca in Dermacentor marginatus Ticks...
 3885. ♣ Identical Strains of Borrelia hermsii in Mammal an...
 3884. ♣ Francisella tularensis Cluster in Europe | CDC EID...
 3883. ♣ Wild Felids as Hosts for Human Plague | CDC EID
 3882. ♣ Diagnostic Assay for Rickettsia japonica | CDC EID...
 3881. ♣ B. rochalimae in Raccoons, Coyotes, and Red Foxes ...
 3880. ♣ Delineating A. phagocytophilum Ecotypes | CDC EID
 3879. ♣ Tularemia Outbreaks in Sweden | CDC EID
 3878. Agriflu // Influenza Virus Vaccine
 3877. ► CDC H1N1 Flu |Q&A about CDC’s Guidance for Emergen...
 3876. ► Hospital Planning for 2009 H1N1 Influenza AND H5N...
 3875. ► CDC Guidance for Emergency Shelters for the 2009-2...
 3874. ♠ NEJM -- A Difficult Balance -- Pain Management, Dr...
 3873. ♠ NEJM -- Identification of a Novel Antibody Associa...
 3872. ♣ Campylobacteriosis, England and Wales, 1990–2007 |...
 3871. ♣ A Groundhog, a Novel Bartonella Sequence, and My F...
 3870. ♣ Parachlamydia and Rhabdochlamydia in Premature Neo...
 3869. ♣ Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infection, Sika Deer, Japan ...
 3868. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID/MÉXICO: mutación viral...
 3867. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID: embolismo pulmonar
 3866. ♣ Control of S. iniae | CDC EID
 3865. ♣ Molecular Epidemiology of Glanders, Pakistan | CDC...
 3864. ♣ Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Mar...
 3863. ♣ Streptococcus suis Meningitis, Hawaii | CDC EID
 3862. ♣ Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Sepsis from Communit...
 3861. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID/U.S.A.: re-infecciones...
 3860. ▲ Deaths in Acute Hospitals: Caring to the End? - AH...
 3859. Virus del Nilo Occidental en Costa Rica - ISID
 3858. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID/CANADÁ: reactogenicida...
 3857. Experto chino advierte por mutación de gripe pandé...
 3856. INVESTIGACIÓN CARDIOVASCULAR - ESPAÑA
 3855. ♣ CA-MRSA in Outpatients, United States, 1999–2006, ...
 3854. ♣ Respiratory Infection and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 | C...
 3853. ♣ Possible Interruption of Malaria Transmission | CD...
 3852. ♣ Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis in Goats, ...
 3851. ♣ Oropouche Fever Outbreak, Manaus, Brazil, 2007–200...
 3850. ♣ Delineating A. phagocytophilum Ecotypes | CDC EID
 3849. ♣ New Adenovirus in Bats, Germany | CDC EID
 3848. ♣ Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pandemic (...
 3847. ♣ Respiratory Disease in Adults during Pandemic (H1N...
 3846. ♣ Susceptibility of Poultry to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 ...
 3845. ♣ Porcine Kobuvirus in Piglets, Thailand | CDC EID
 3844. ♣ Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiol...
 3843. ► Pseudo-Outbreak of Antimony Toxicity in Firefighte...
 3842. ► Acute HIV Infection --- New York City, 2008
 3841. HIV Infection Among Injection-Drug Users --- 34 St...
 3840. → filgrastim - EPARs for human use - Ratiograstim
 3839. → Telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide - EPARs for h...
 3838. → telmisartan / hydrochlorothiazide - EPARs for huma...
 3837. → Recombinant coagulation Factor IX - EPARs for huma...
 3836. → European Medicines Agency - Withdrawals of Applica...
 3835. → Vitespen - European Medicines Agency - Withdrawals...
 3834. HIV/AIDS Update -Intelence (etravirine) label upda...
 3833. Arepanrix® ha causado 6 reacciones alérgicas grave...
 3832. ♀ Abortion Surveillance --- United States, 2006
 3831. Posible caso de transmisión entre humanos de virus...
 3830. ♣ Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome | CDC EID
 3829. ♣ Aleutian Mink Disease Virus and Humans | CDC EID
 3828. ♣ Recombination in Strains of PRRSV | CDC EID
 3827. ♣ Transplacental Transmission of BTV-8 in Cattle | C...
 3826. ♣ Dobrava-Belgrade Virus, Germany | CDC EID
 3825. ♣ Mopeia Virus–related Arenavirus, Morogoro, Tanzani...
 3824. ♣ Prevalence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States ...
 3823. ♣ Respiratory Infection and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 | C...
 3822. ♣ Hantavirus Infection, Brazil | CDC EID
 3821. FDA news
 3820. OMS investiga expansión de gripe H1N1 resistente a...
 3819. ♣ Sympatry of 2 Hantavirus Strains, Paraguay | CDC E...
 3818. ♣ Outbreak of Antiviral Drug–Resistant Influenza A |...
 3817. ♣ Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus |...
 3816. ♣ Pandemic Influenza as Urban Health Crisis | CDC EI...
 3815. ♣ Calicivirus in Rabbits, Michigan | CDC EID
 3814. ♣ HPAI in Backyard Chickens, Bangladesh | CDC EID
 3813. ♣ Infection Control and Epidemic Respiratory Virus |...
 3812. ♣ Genomic Signatures of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus |...
 3811. ▲ Selzenttry (maraviroc) by FDA [MUY IMPORTANTE MODI...
 3810. H1N1- gripe porcina - ISID / reacciones adversas g...
 3809. ♣ Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Sepsis from Communit...
 3808. ♣ Novel MRSA, Hong Kong | CDC EID
 3807. ♣ CTX-M β-Lactamase and Virulence of E. coli K1 | CD...
 3806. Vol. 15, No. 12 Cover: "I think I could turn and l...
 3805. → infliximab - EPARs for human use - Remicade
 3804. → Cetrorelix (as acetate) - EPARs for human use - Ce...
 3803. SARM - ISID/USA [2]
 3802. WHO | Clinical management of human infection with ...
 3801. RITONAVIR by FDA
 3800. → olanzapine - EPARs for human use - Olanzapine Tev...
 3799. → olanzapine - EPARs for human use - Olanzapine Neop...
 3798. → olanzapine - EPARs for human use - Olanzapine Myl...
 3797. → rufinamide - EPARs for human use - Inovelon
 3796. → European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - Medi...
 3795. Infección entérica desconocida - ISID / COLOMBIA
 3794. Canadá retira un lote de 172.000 vacunas de la gri...
 3793. Vaccines: NIS/2008 NIS Data Released
 3792. - Best evidence statement (BESt). Waste blood volume...
 3791. - Best evidence statement (BESt). Cystic fibrosis - ...
 3790. - Best evidence statement (BESt). Confirmation of na...
 3789. ► United Kingdom national guideline for the manageme...
 3788. ► UK national guidelines on the management of syphil...
 3787. ► UK national guidelines for HIV testing 2008.
 3786. 2007 UK national guideline on the management of vu...
 3785. CDC - Seasonal Influenza (Flu) - Weekly Report: In...
 3784. La Asociación Médica Mundial considera obligatorio...
 3783. WHO | Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 75
 3782. OMS | Importancia para la salud pública de la muta...
 3781. → Nitric oxide - EPARs for human use - INOmax
 3780. → Anagrelide hydrochloride - EPARs for human use - X...
 3779. Nursing management of adults with severe traumatic...
 3778. Neurologic assessment of the older adult. A guide ...
 3777. Guide to the care of the hospitalized patient with...
 3776. Care of the patient with seizures. 2nd edition.
 3775. Care of the patient with aneurysmal subarachnoid h...
 3774. ▲ DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED LOWER UR...
 3773. ▲Peramivir IV Renal Dosing Recommendations - Inform...
 3772. ▲ Opioid Drugs and Risk Evaluation and Mitigation St...
 3771. * IntraMed - Artículos - Sarcoidosis
 3770. 33 muertos por gripe A(H1N1) en México en tan sólo...
 3769. Documento de Consenso sobre el Manejo de la gripe ...
 3768. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / Arabia Saudita
 3767. How long does it take to train a surgeon? - AHRQ ...
 3766. Health Literacy and Quality: Focus on Chronic Illn...
 3765. "What Did the Doctor Say?:" Improving Health Liter...
 3764. Disclosure of hospital adverse events and its asso...
 3763. Diagnostic Error in Medicine - AHRQ Patient Safety...
 3762. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System - ...
 3761. OMS | El uso de antivíricos y el riesgo de farmaco...
 3760. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / NORUEGA: mutación vi...
 3759. Gripe H1N1 avanza hacia este,llega a máximo en alg...
 3758. Noruega dice halla una mutación del H1N1 en víctim...
 3757. OMS | Gripe pandémica por A (H1N1) 2009: Ucrania —...
 3756. * IntraMed - Noticias médicas - Los opiáceos podrían...
 3755. → Cetuximab - European Medicines Agency - Refusals -...
 3754. → Bevacizumab - European Medicines Agency - Refusals...
 3753. → European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - CHMP...
 3752. → European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - Refu...
 3751. → Aripiprazole - European Medicines Agency - Withdra...
 3750. → European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - Refe...
 3749. →tocilizumab - EPARs for human use - RoActemra
 3748. → European Medicines Agency - Withdrawals of Applica...
 3747. ▲ Medication Guides by FDA
 3746. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / USA: resistencias
 3745. → Milnacipran - European Medicines Agency - Refusals...
 3744. → Milnacipran - European Medicines Agency - Refusals...
 3743. → Becaplermin - European Medicines Agency - Refusals...
 3742. → Interferon beta-1b / EPARs for human use - Betafe...
 3741. → Iclaprim - European Medicines Agency - Withdrawals...
 3740. → Gemifloxacin - European Medicines Agency - Withdra...
 3739. → European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - Orph...
 3738. → European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - Orph...
 3737. → Efavirenz / EPARs for human use - Sustiva
 3736. → Pramipexole / EPARs for human use - Mirapexin
 3735. →Pramipexole - EPARs for human use - Sifrol
 3734. Vicks Sinex Nasal Spray - Recall
 3733. Cardiac Science Corp. Powerheart and CardioVive Au...
 3732. Early Communication about an Ongoing Safety Review...
 3731. Células madre embrionarias humanas podrían produci...
 3730. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / VENEZUELA
 3729. LEPRA - ISID / PERÚ
 3728. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / UCRANIA
 3727. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / UK
 3726. Ending Health Care-Associated Infections
 3725. Muertes no se vinculan con vacuna H1N1: OMS
 3724. Peramivir IV Renal Dosing Recommendations / Drug I...
 3723. WHO | Safety of pandemic vaccines
 3722. Drug Information Update- FDA Issues 22 Warning Let...
 3721. Prevention Of Pneumococcal Infections Secondary To...
 3720. 2009 H1N1 and Pneumococcal Disease in the News
 3719. Mumps Outbreak --- New York, New Jersey, Quebec, 2...
 3718. Outbreak of Rickettsia typhi Infection --- Austin,...
 3717. ► West Nile Virus Transmission via Organ Transplanta...
 3716. Estimated County-Level Prevalence of Diabetes and ...
 3715. Call for Public Review : Diagnosis and Treatment o...
 3714. ▬ Renal cell carcinoma.
 3713. Clinical practice guideline for the management of ...
 3712. Adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab for ankylosi...
 3711. rosuvastatina (Crestor) reduce en casi la mitad el...
 3710. CDC Guidance on Helping Child Care and Early Child...
 3709. Type 1 diabetes in adults. National clinical guide...
 3708. Prevención de las infecciones asociadas al cuidado...
 3707. Los diabéticos se benefician de nuevas pautas anti...
 3706. FDA Approves Additional Vaccine for 2009 H1N1 Infl...
 3705. ▬ Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent (Types 6, 11, 16...
 3704. FDA MedWatch - IDS Sports Dietary Supplements - Fi...
 3703. Immune System of Healthy Adults May Be Better Prep...
 3702. Susceptibility of Poultry to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 ...
 3701. FDA MedWatch - Clopidogrel (marketed as Plavix) an...
 3700. FDA MedWatch - Cardiovascular Systems ViperSheath ...
 3699. Drug Information Update- FDA Approves Qutenza (cap...
 3698. TIP 48: Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance ...
 3697. TIP 49: Incorporating Alcohol Pharmacotherapies In...
 3696. TIP 50: Addressing Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors...
 3695. New Publication on Clinical Supervision for Substa...
 3694. ► Breast Cancer: Screening
 3693. Search for Guides, Reviews, and Reports - AHRQ Eff...
 3692. PREVENTION OF FALLS IN THE ELDERLY - NGC - Compare...
 3691. Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with intrac...
 3690. Venous thromboembolism diagnosis and treatment.
 3689. Diagnosis and treatment of headache.
 3688. Diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pu...
 3687. Adapting your practice. Treatment and recommendati...
 3686. Early acute management in adults with spinal cord ...
 3685. ► Guideline implementation for breast healthcare in ...
 3684. Bariatric surgery and pregnancy.
 3683. ► Antibiotic prophylaxis for gynecologic procedures....
 3682. ► Age-related macular degeneration.
 3681. FDA MedWatch - Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NP...
 3680. FDA MedWatch - October 2009 Drug Safety Labeling C...
 3679. ∑ Osteoporosis y enfermedades gastrointestinales
 3678. ∑ Dysphagia
 3677. ∑ Diverticular Disease
 3676. ∑ Asymptomatic Gallstone Disease / Litiasis vesicula...
 3675. ∑ Acute diarrhea
 3674. ∑ Obesity
 3673. ∑ Hepatitis B
 3672. ∑ Management of acute viral hepatitis
 3671. ∑ Esophageal Varices
 3670. ∑ Probiotics and Prebiotics
 3669. ∑ Malabsorption
 3668. ∑ Helicobacter Pylori in developing countries
 3667. ∑ Celiac Disease
 3666. ∑ Irritable bowel syndrome: a global perspective - A...
 3665. ∑ Inflammatory bowel disease: a global perspective -...
 3664. ► Practice Guideline Update on the Use of Pharmacolo...
 3663. → ribavirin - Authorised Medicines for Human Use - R...
 3662. → Influenza virus surface antigens, inactivated: A/C...
 3661. → Efavirenz - EPARs for human use - Sustiva
 3660. → Split influenza virus, inactivated, containing ant...
 3659. → pandemic influenza vaccine (whole virion, vero cel...
 3658. → Ritonavir - EPARs for human use - Norvir
 3657. → Peginterferon alfa-2a / EPARs for human use - Pega...
 3656. → capsaicin - EPARs for human use - Qutenza
 3655. → Telithromycin - EPARs for human use - Ketek
 3654. → ulipristal - EPARs for human use - Ellaone
 3653. → adalimumab - EPARs for human use - Humira
 3652. → Stavudine - EPARs for human use - Zerit
 3651. → Leflunomide - EPARs for human use - Arava
 3650. → Human Medicines - Herbal Medicinal Products - Adop...
 3649. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccines Descri...
 3648. Search for Guides, Reviews, and Reports - AHRQ Eff...
 3647. FDA to Examine the Safety of Caffeinated Alcoholic...
 3646. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / CHINA: muertes por E...
 3645. CHAGAS en ESPAÑA: ISID - importada e instalada
 3644. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of chro...
 3643. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of mult...
 3642. ♥ Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cry...
 3641. ♠ Guideline for laboratory diagnosis of malaria.
 3640. ♥ (1) Transfusion guidelines for neonates and older ...
 3639. tranexamic acid - FDA Approves Lysteda to Treat He...
 3638. Monovalent Influenza Vaccine Dosage, Administratio...
 3637. Toxocara - ISID / Argentina
 3636. Safety indicators for inpatient and outpatient ora...
 3635. ▲ Basic guidelines for diabetes care.
 3634. Gripe muestra señales de incremento en algunas áre...
 3633. Research Activities, November 2009: Agency News an...
 3632. Research Activities, November 2009: Agency News an...
 3631. Research Activities, November 2009: Mental Health:...
 3630. Research Activities, December 2008: Outcomes/Effec...
 3629. WHO | Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 74
 3628. WHO: Interim Planning Considerations for Mass Gath...
 3627.  CDC H1N1 Flu | Questions and Answers Regarding Res...
 3626.  Quick Facts for Clinicians on Antiviral Treatments...
 3625.  Interim Guidance on Infection Control Measures for...
 3624. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / U.S.A.: expansión
 3623. Information for Healthcare Professionals - Chondro...
 3622. Clinical Utility of Cancer Family History Collecti...
 3620. ♀ Screening for Syphilis Infection in Pregnancy
 3619. ♀ Screening: Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnanc...
 3618. ◙ Idiopathic macular hole.
 3617. ◙ Conjunctivitis.
 3616. ◙ Cataract in the adult eye.
 3615. ◙ Diabetic retinopathy.
 3614. ◙ Bacterial keratitis.
 3613. ◙ Amblyopia.
 3612. ◙ Age-related macular degeneration.
 3611. El número de pacientes infectados por bacterias re...
 3610. → clopidogrel / EPARs for human use - Clopidogrel BM...
 3609. → octocog alfa / EPARs for human use - Kogenatebayer...
 3608. → doxorubicin hydrochloride / EPARs for human use - ...
 3607. → octocog alfa / EPARs for human use - Helixate NexG...
 3606. →Cidofovir anhydrous / EPARs for human use - Vistid...
 3605. ♥ Recommendations for the Assessment of Blood Donor ...
 3604. Mumps Outbreak --- New York, New Jersey, Quebec, 2...
 3603. FDA Expands Approved Use of H1N1 Vaccines to Inclu...
 3602. Update: Influenza Activity --- United States, Augu...
 3601. Effectiveness of 2008--09 Trivalent Influenza Vacc...
 3600. Synthes USA, Ti Synex II Vertebral Body Replacemen...
 3599. CDC Novel H1N1 Flu | CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 In...
 3598. Extirpan las glándulas suprarrenales por vía anter...
 3597. Reviews of Selected Pharmacogenetic Tests for Non-...
 3596. IABS: Upcoming Conferences
 3595. Comida contaminada, sorpresivamente letal
 3594. * IntraMed - Artículos - Material de las Jornadas In...
 3593. Error tracking in a clinical biochemistry laborato...
 3592. Errors in laboratory medicine: practical lessons t...
 3591. Preventing catheter-associated bloodstream infecti...
 3590. ♣ AHRQ Patient Safety Network - Glossary
 3589. An intervention to decrease catheter-related blood...
 3588. Managing Patients' Medicines after Discharge from ...
 3587. November 16-17, 2009: Blood Products Advisory Comm...
 3586. Las prótesis invertidas logran una mejor función d...
 3585. H1N1 - gripe porcina - CHINA: máscaras defectuosas...
 3584. malaria / ISID
 3583. What is Substance Abuse Treatment? A Booklet for F...
 3582. Alcohol and Drug Treatment- How It Works, And How ...
 3581. TIP 42: Substance Abuse Treatment for Persons With...
 3580. TIP 50: Addressing Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors...
 3579. → Nitisinone - EPARs for human use - Orfadin
 3578. Research Activities, October 2009: Elderly/Long-Te...
 3577. Research Activities, November 2009: Elderly/Long-T...
 3576. Pregnancy in women who had cancer in childhood. [E...
 3575. Ovarian failure and reproductive outcomes after ch...
 3574. Female survivors of childhood cancer: preterm birt...
 3573. Call for Public Review: Report on the Evidence Reg...
 3572. CDC H1N1 Flu | CDC Health Alert Network (HAN) Info...
 3571. AFLURIA - Influenza Virus Vaccine
 3570. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine (CSL Li...
 3569. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine (ID Bio...
 3568. Comparative Effectiveness of Treatments To Prevent...
 3567. Incorporating Alcohol Pharmacotherapies Into Medic...
 3566. ♦ Screening for skin cancer: U.S. Preventive Service...
 3565. ♦ Screening for skin cancer: a clinical practice gui...
 3564. ♦ Identification and management of high-risk individ...
 3563. ♦ Population-based whole-body skin screening for mel...
 3562. ♦ Prevention. In: Clinical practice guidelines for t...
 3561. ♦ Skin melanoma.
 3560. NGC - Compare - Comparison
 3559. Más de 6.000 muertos y medio millón de infectados ...
 3558. External Biphasic Defibrillators MedWatch
 3557. H1N1 influenza vaccine [MedWatch]
 3556. Influenza Virus Vaccine for the 2009-2010 Season
 3555. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccines Compos...
 3554. ♠ Recommended Pediatric Dosage of RETROVIR
 3553. FDA Commissioner Addresses Nation’s Doctors on H1N...
 3552. vacuna para la leishmaniasis [Red de Investigación...
 3551. ☼ MELANOMA (all about) from Clinical practice guidel...
 3550. ☼ Treatment of primary melanoma. In: Clinical practi...
 3549. ☼ Treatment of disseminated melanoma. In: Clinical p...
 3548. ☼ Treatment of desmoplastic melanoma. In: Clinical p...
 3547. ☼ Psychosocial issues in melanoma. In: Clinical prac...
 3546. ☼ Prognostic factors and survival outcomes in cutane...
 3545. ☼ Prevention. In: Clinical practice guidelines for t...
 3544. ☼ Pregnancy and melanoma (including hormone replacem...
 3543. ☼ Population-based whole-body skin screening for mel...
 3542. ☼ Palliative care in melanoma. In: Clinical practice...
 3541. ☼ Ocular melanoma. In: Clinical practice guidelines ...
 3540. ☼ Occult melanoma. In: Clinical practice guidelines ...
 3539. ☼ Multidisciplinary care of melanoma. In: Clinical p...
 3538. ☼ Mucosal melanoma. In: Clinical practice guidelines...
 3537. ☼ Melanoma in specific populations in Australia. In:...
 3536. ☼Melanoma in Maori and melanoma in Pacific peoples ...
 3535. ☼ Melanoma in children. In: Clinical practice guidel...
 3534. ☼ Management of regional lymph nodes in melanoma. In...
 3533. ☼ Management of locoregionally recurrent melanoma. I...
 3532. ☼ Lentigo maligna. In: Clinical practice guidelines ...
 3531. ☼ Identification and management of high-risk individ...
 3530. ☼ Histopathological reporting of cutaneous melanoma....
 3529. ☼ Follow-up. In: Clinical practice guidelines for th...
 3528. ☼ Congenital melanocytic naevi. In: Clinical practic...
 3527. ☼ Criteria for Determining Disability in Infants and...
 3526. ☼ Complementary and alternative medicine. In: Clinic...
 3525. ☼ Clinical trials. In: Clinical practice guidelines ...
 3524. ☼ Clinical diagnosis. In: Clinical practice guidelin...
 3523. ☼ Classification and staging of melanoma. In: Clinic...
 3522. ☼ Biopsy. In: Clinical practice guidelines for the m...
 3521. ☼ Appropriate investigations. In: Clinical practice ...
 3520. ☼ Adjuvant systemic therapy of melanoma. In: Clinica...
 3519. Hispanic Diabetes Disparities Learning Network in ...
 3518. Hospira Brand Propofol and Liposyn Products - Reca...
 3517. Edwards Lifesciences CardioVations EndoClamp Aorti...
 3516. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma / FDA Approves Drug Trea...
 3515. November 16-17, 2009: Blood Products Advisory Comm...
 3514. → clopidogrel besilate - EPARs for human use - Clopi...
 3513. → Clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate - EPARs for human u...
 3512. → Pegfilgrastim - EPARs for human use - Neulasta
 3511. → Sodium phenylbutyrate - EPARs for human use - Ammo...
 3510. → sevelamer carbonate - EPARs for human use - Renvel...
 3509. → filgrastim - EPARs for human use - Zarzio
 3508. → Celecoxib - EPARs for human use - Onsenal
 3507. → filgrastim - EPARs for human use - Filgrastim Hexa...
 3506. Ω Human Fluid and Caloric Requirements by FDA
 3505. Ω Dose Calculator by FDA
 3504. H1N1 - gripe porcina - MÉXICO: incremento de decso...
 3503. ISID / BRASIL: botulismo
 3502. H1N1 today: Vaccination
 3501. CDC H1N1 Flu | Interim guidance for use of 23-vale...
 3500. ISID / CHILE: leptospirosis
 3499. ISID / U.S.A.: infecciones
 3498. ISID / PERÚ: rabia por murciélagos
 3497. WHO recommendations for the prevention of postpart...
 3496. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and...
 3495. en España se diagnostican unos 20.000 casos de cán...
 3494. El diagnóstico diferencial y la profilaxis, retos ...
 3493. Los niños representan ya uno de cada tres casos re...
 3492. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / VENEZUELA
 3491. H1N1 - gripe porcina - OMS: China Y Japón
 3490. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ARGENTINA: 10% de los deces...
 3489. Research Activities, November 2009: Research Brief...
 3488. Research Activities, November 2009: Agency News an...
 3487. Research Activities, November 2009: Agency News an...
 3486. Research Activities, November 2009: Agency News an...
 3485. Research Activities, November 2009: Agency News an...
 3484. romidepsin: to Treat Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma
 3483. WHO | Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 73
 3482. Evolution of pandemic H1N1 2009 in animals
 3481. WHO | Infection of farmed animals with the pandemi...
 3480. ► Blood Guidances Update
 3479. What's New from the Office of Oncology Drug Produc...
 3478. Handwashing Video HAI Heathcare Associated Infecti...
 3477. 2nd World HAI Forum: Experts Discuss Looming Threa...
 3476. Berinert [C1 Esterase Inhibitor (Human)]
 3475. Approval History, Letters, Reviews and Related Doc...
 3474. Gripe H1N1 tiende "emboscada" a algunos países: ex...
 3473. → Human Medicines - Herbal Medicinal Products - Adop...
 3472. ▲ Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma.
 3471. ▲ Clinical practice guideline for the management of ...
 3470. Medical, Statistical, and Clinical Pharmacology Re...
 3469. Announcement: First Global Ministerial Conference ...
 3468. Announcement: Application Deadline for The CDC Exp...
 3467. Human Rabies --- Missouri, 2008
 3466. Human Vaccinia Infection After Contact with a Racc...
 3465. State Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco-Dependence Tre...
 3464. Developmental trajectories of self-management skil...
 3463. Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry Surv...
 3462. Stiff Nights - product contains undeclared drug in...
 3461. FDA Warns Consumers on Sexual Enhancement Products...
 3460. Association between antidepressant drug use during...
 3459. →darunavir - EPARs for authorised medicinal produc...
 3458. → aztreonam - EPARs for authorised medicinal product...
 3457. CDC H1N1 Flu | Interim Guidance for People who hav...
 3456. IDPH News: H1N1 Flu Confirmed in Iowa Cat
 3455. AASLD position paper: the management of acute live...
 3454. ▲ (1) Chronic hepatitis B. (2) Corrections to AASLD ...
 3453. Radioterapia y trastuzumab en tratamiento adyuvant...
 3452. Irradiar la mama completa de forma hipofraccionada...
 3451. Logran reducir la RT a cuatro semanas tras lumpect...
 3450. El tiempo entre terapia y PSA recurrente predice l...
 3449. ▲ Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice pa...
 3448. ▲ Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice pa...
 3447. ♦ Allergen immunotherapy: a practice parameter secon...
 3446. La AEV defiende la seguridad de la vacuna y rechaz...
 3445. * Humanidades medicas - Azucena Couceiro Vidal - Lai...
 3444. → European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - Orph...
 3443. Vacuna eficaz contra el tumor vulvar intraepitelia...
 3442. Assessing Patient Safety Practices and Outcomes in...
 3441. Enhancing Patient Care: A Practical Guide to Impro...
 3440. Dosage Delivery Devices for OTC Liquid Drug Produc...
 3439. Genomic Signatures of Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) ...
 3438. Respiratory Infection in Institutions during Early...
 3437. Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Hospital Infection ...
 3436. Pandemic influenza as 21st century urban public he...
 3435. Mobility, Globalization, and Drug Resistance | CDC...
 3434. Diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease...
 3433. Sífilis - ISID / CHINA
 3432. CDC H1N1 Flu | Monovalent Influenza Vaccine Dosage...
 3431. USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories Pre...
 3430. Guidance to Pharmacies on Advance Compounding of T...
 3429. WHO | Experts advise WHO on pandemic vaccine polic...
 3428. Massachusetts Department of Mental Retardation hea...
 3427. ► Cutaneous melanoma. A national clinical guideline....
 3426. Screening for skin cancer: a clinical practice gui...
 3425. FDA Unveils Safe Use Initiative that Targets Preve...
 3424. → European Medicines Agency - Withdrawals of Applica...
 3423. → Ibritumomab tiuxetan - EPARs for authorised medic...
 3422. → Human Medicines - Herbal Medicinal Products - Publ...
 3421. → European Medicines Agency - Human Medicines - Medi...
 3420. → Human Medicines - Herbal Medicinal Products - Adop...
 3419. → European Medicines Agency - EMEA monthly medicines...
 3418. → European Medicines Agency - Refusals - Medicinal P...
 3417. La prehipertensión incrementa significativamente e...
 3416. FDA MedWatch - November 2009 FDA Patient Safety Ne...
 3415. Dietary Supplements-Sold on Internet: undeclared s...
 3414. Leptospirosis - ISID / República Dominicana
 3413. FDA's MedWatch Safety Alerts: October 2009
 3412. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ARGENTINA: dos nuevas muert...
 3411. Influenza (Flu) Antiviral Drugs and Related Inform...
 3410. Influenza Drugs Information: by FDA
 3409. parálisis supranuclear progresiva
 3408. NCTR Research Highlights
 3407. ♣ ArrayTrack™ News
 3406. ARGENTINA: Una novedosa técnica para realizar angi...
 3405. La penicilina no provoca defectos congénitos
 3404. ▲ MANAGEMENT OF HIP FRACTURE IN OLDER PEOPLE
 3403. ► "pancreatic cancer" // NGC - Search Results
 3402. ◊ ACR Appropriateness Criteria® postmastectomy radio...
 3401. ◊ ACR Appropriateness Criteria® locally advanced bre...
 3400. ◊ ACR Appropriateness Criteria® conservative surgery...
 3399. ◊ ACR Appropriateness Criteria® acute chest pain - l...
 3398. Initial Results Show Pregnant Women Mount Strong I...
 3397. exenatide - Altered kidney function, including acu...
 3396. ■ ICSI - Prenatal Care, Routine (Guideline)
 3395. Smoking and the progression of diabetic nephropath...
 3394. Specific effects of calcium channel blockers in di...
 3393. Protein restriction to prevent the progression of ...
 3392. Multifactorial therapy and the progression of diab...
 3391. Glucose control and progression of diabetic nephro...
 3390. Control of hypercholesterolaemia and progression o...
 3389. Analgesic-associated kidney disease.
 3388. "La alarma sobre las eritropoyetinas para la anemi...
 3387. efectos secundarios
 3386. telangiectasia hemorrágica hereditaria [HHT] inves...
 3385. Síndrome metabólico: mortalidad global y de causa ...
 3384. * IntraMed - Entrevistas - Los significados inconsci...
 3383. Research Activities, October 2009: Outcomes/Effect...
 3382. ESPAÑA: Vacunas, antivirales y cautela: herramient...
 3381. Research Activities, November 2009: Women's Health...
 3380. Research Activities, November 2009: Women's Health...
 3379. Research Activities, November 2009: Women's Health...
 3378. Research Activities, November 2009: Women's Health...
 3377. Research Activities, November 2009: Feature Story:...
 3376. Use of failure mode and effects analysis for proac...
 3375. Conducting Filial Therapy With Homeless Parents
 3374. Effects of Social Support and Conflict on Parentin...
 3373. Commentary: A Provider Perspective on Supporting P...
 3372. Acknowledgements: Special Section on Parenting and...
 3371. Commentary: A Consumer Perspective on Parenting Wh...
 3370. Examining the Impact of Parental Risk on Family Fu...
 3369. Parenting, Parental Mental Health, and Child Funct...
 3368. What Research Tells Us About the Intersecting Stre...
 3367. Parenting and Homelessness: Overview and Introduct...
 3366. Parent-Adolescent Violence and Later Behavioral He...
 3365. Parenting Adults Who Become Homeless: Variations i...
 3364. Roadmap to Seclusion and Restraint Free Mental Hea...
 3363. NCCN Trends
 3362. H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / OMS recomendaciones
 3361. CDC H1N1 Flu | Interim Guidance - HIV-Infected Adu...
 3360. CDC H1N1 Flu |What Adults with HIV Infection Shoul...
 3359. CDC H1N1 Flu | Questions and Answers: EID article ...
 3358. WHO | Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 72
 3357. Cordis CROSSOVER Sheath Introducer
 3356. Pointe Scientific Liquid Glucose Hexokinase Reagen...
 3355. FDA: Procter & Gamble Unlawfully Marketing Two Vic...
o ► octubre (566)
o ► septiembre (505)
o ► agosto (472)
o ► julio (388)
o ► junio (374)
o ► mayo (326)
o ► abril (272)
o ► marzo (214)
o ► febrero (182)
o ► enero (69)

Indoor Tanning: The Risks of Ultraviolet Rays

Indoor Tanning: The Risks of Ultraviolet Rays

Printer-friendly PDF (295 KB)
http://www.blogger.com/posts.g?blogID=4376469832659547211

On this page:
Cancer Risk
Other Risks
Tanning in Children and Teens
FDA Regulation
The Riskiest Practices
Melanoma: One Woman's Story

Sunlamps and tanning beds promise consumers a bronzed body year-round, but the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from these devices poses serious health risks.

“Although some people think that a tan gives them a ‘healthy’ glow, any tan is a sign of skin damage,” says Sharon Miller, M.S.E.E., a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) scientist and international expert on UV radiation and tanning.

“A tan is the skin’s reaction to exposure to UV rays,” says Miller. “Recognizing exposure to the rays as an ‘insult,’ the skin acts in self-defense by producing more melanin, a pigment that darkens the skin. Over time, this damage will lead to prematurely aged skin and, in some cases, skin cancer.”

Two types of UV radiation that penetrate the skin are UV-B and UV-A rays.

UV-B rays penetrate the top layers of skin and are most responsible for sunburns.
UV-A rays penetrate to the deeper layers of the skin and are often associated with allergic reactions, such as a rash.
Both UV-B and UV-A rays damage the skin and can lead to skin cancer. Tanning salons use lamps that emit both UV-A and UV-B radiation.

Cancer Risk
Exposure to UV radiation—whether from the sun or from artificial sources such as sunlamps used in tanning beds—increases the risk of developing skin cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, is linked to getting severe sunburns, especially at a young age.

In July 2009, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization, concluded that tanning devices that emit UV radiation are more dangerous than previously thought. IARC moved these devices into the highest cancer risk category: “carcinogenic to humans.” Previously, it had categorized the devices as “probably carcinogenic to humans.”

Development of cancer is a long process that may take decades. Therefore, IARC also recommended banning commercial indoor tanning for those younger than 18 years to protect them from the increased risk for melanoma and other skin cancers.

IARC’s conclusions and recommendations were based on its 2006 review of 19 studies conducted over 25 years on the use of indoor tanning equipment. The review found evidence of

. an association between indoor tanning and two types of skin cancer: squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma
.. an association between UV-emitting tanning devices and cancer of the eye (ocular melanoma)
... both UV-A and UV-B rays causing DNA damage, which can lead to skin cancer in laboratory animals and humans
... the risk of melanoma of the skin increasing by 75 percent when tanning bed use started before age 35

IARC’s review had some limitations, says Ron Kaczmarek, M.D., M.P.H., an FDA epidemiologist who analyzed the review. Limitations include possible inaccuracy of people’s memories of their tanning experiences, not knowing the amount of UV radiation emitted by each tanning device, and the inability to separate the effects of individuals’ indoor and outdoor exposure. Nevertheless, IARC concluded that there is convincing evidence of an association between the use of indoor tanning equipment and melanoma risk, and that the use of tanning beds should be discouraged.

“It’s well established that UV radiation from the sun causes skin cancer,” says Miller. “Since lamps used in tanning beds emit UV radiation, the use of indoor tanning devices also increases your risk of skin cancer.”


Other Risks
In addition to the serious risk of skin cancer, tanning can cause:

* Premature aging. Tanning causes the skin to lose elasticity and wrinkle prematurely. This leathery look may not show up until many years after you’ve had a tan or sunburn.
* Immune suppression. UV-B radiation may suppress proper functioning of the body’s immune system and the skin’s natural defenses, leaving you more vulnerable to diseases, including skin cancer.
* Eye damage. Exposure to UV radiation can cause irreversible damage to the eyes.
* Allergic reaction. Some people who are especially sensitive to UV radiation may develop an itchy red rash and other adverse effects.

Advocates of tanning devices sometimes argue that using these devices is less dangerous than sun tanning because the intensity of UV radiation and the time spent tanning can be controlled. But there is no evidence to support these claims. In fact, sunlamps may be more dangerous than the sun because they can be used at the same high intensity every day of the year—unlike the sun whose intensity varies with the time of day, the season, and cloud cover.


Tanning in Children and Teens
FDA is particularly concerned about children and teens being exposed to UV rays. Intermittent exposures to intense UV radiation leading to sunburns, especially in childhood and teen years, increase the risk of melanoma, according to NCI.

FDA believes that limiting sun exposure and using sunscreen or sunblock are particularly important for children since these measures can prevent sunburn at a young age.

NCI reports that women who use tanning beds more than once a month are 55 percent more likely to develop melanoma. Teenage girls and young women make up a growing number of tanning bed customers.

“Young people may not think they are vulnerable to skin cancer,” says Kaczmarek. “They have difficulty thinking about their own mortality.” Yet of the more than 68,000 people in the United States who will learn they have melanoma this year, one out of eight will die from it, according to NCI estimates. In addition, the American Academy of Dermatology reports that melanoma is the second most common cancer in women 20 to 29 years old.

Some states are considering laws to ban those under age 18 from using tanning beds. And many states now have laws that require minors to have a parent’s consent or be accompanied by a parent to the tanning facility.

FDA’s current performance standard requires that a sunlamp product’s label include a recommended exposure schedule. FDA has advised manufacturers that this schedule should provide for exposures of no more than three sessions in the first week.

In an NCI-sponsored study published in September 2009 in the Archives of Dermatology, the study researchers hired and trained college students to pose as 15-year-old, fair-skinned girls who had never tanned before. By telephone, the students asked more than 3,600 tanning facilities in all 50 states about their practices.

Less than 11 percent of the facilities followed FDA’s recommended exposure schedule of three or fewer sessions the first week. About 71 percent said they would allow a teen to tan all seven days the first week, and many promoted frequent tanning with “unlimited tanning” discount price packages.

About 87 percent of the facilities required parental consent, leading the researchers to conclude that “many parents are allowing their teens to tan and are providing written consent or accompaniment.”

“Parents should carefully consider the risks before allowing their children under 18 to tan,” says Miller.


FDA Regulation
FDA regulates radiation-emitting products, including sunlamps and products that contain them, such as tanning beds and booths and portable home units. Manufacturers of sunlamps must comply with FDA regulations, including the performance standard for sunlamp products.

FDA requires sunlamp products to carry a warning label with specific information. Based on the results of consumer testing, FDA is considering amending the warning label requirements to
- strengthen the warnings about skin cancer and irreversible eye damage
- make the warning easier for consumers to read and understand
In a December 2008 Report to Congress, FDA noted that FDA/NCI studies found that the UV exposures typically provided by sunlamp products are excessive, and that comparable cosmetic effects can be produced with exposures that are only one-third or even one-fourth the levels currently used. FDA is evaluating the results of this research and considering whether those results warrant changes to its performance standard for sunlamp products.

The Riskiest Practices
FDA, NCI, the American Academy of Dermatology, and other health organizations advise limiting exposure to natural UV radiation from the sun and avoiding artificial UV sources such as tanning beds entirely.

All use of tanning beds increases the risk of skin cancer. Certain practices are especially dangerous. These include:

.Failing to wear the goggles provided, which can lead to short- and long-term eye injury.
..Starting with long exposures (close to the maximum time for the particular tanning bed), which can lead to burning. Because sunburn takes 6 to 48 hours to develop, you may not realize your skin is burned until it’s too late.
...Failing to follow manufacturer-recommended exposure times on the label for your skin type.
....Tanning while using certain medications or cosmetics that may make you more sensitive to UV rays. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist first.


Melanoma: One Woman's Story
Brittany Lietz Cicala of Chesapeake Beach, Md., began tanning indoors at age 17. She stopped at age 20 when she was diagnosed with melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. The former Miss Maryland says she used tanning beds at least four times a week, and sometimes every day.

"Growing up, until I started using tanning beds, my parents were very strict about me wearing sunscreen," says Cicala. Although she also tanned in the summer sun during her 3 years of tanning bed use, Cicala estimates that 90 percent of her UV exposure was in tanning beds during this period.

In the 4 years since she was diagnosed with melanoma, Cicala’s surgeries have left her with about 25 scars. Cicala gets a head-to-toe skin exam every 3 months, which usually results in removal of a suspicious growth.

This article appears on FDA's Consumer Updates page, which features the latest on all FDA-regulated products.

Date Posted: November 30, 2009

abrir aquí:
Indoor Tanning: The Risks of Ultraviolet Rays

Infecciones de transmisión sanguínea o sexual [WHO]

INFECCIONES DE TRANSMISIÓN SANGUÍNEA O SEXUAL ENTRE LAS PERSONAS QUE SE INYECTAN
DROGAS Y SUS PAREJAS EN LAS AMÉRICAS
Manual para profesionales de la salud

PDF 6.27MB y 144 páginas
http://www.paho.org/spanish/ad/fch/ai/Manual%20VIH%20ITSS%20inyectores%20de%20drogas.pdf

H1N1 - gripe porcina - ISID / Arabia Saudita (2)

INFLUENZA, H1N1, MUERTES, PEREGRINOS - ARABIA SAUDITA (MECA)

Un comunicado de ProMED-mail
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail es un programa de la Sociedad Internacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas
http://www.isid.org

Fecha: 30 de noviembre, 2009
Fuente: El Nuevo Herald
http://www.elnuevoherald.com/galeria/salud/salud-ap/story/597983.html
[Editado por J. Torres]

Cinco personas murieron de influenza porcina durante la peregrinación anual a la Meca, informó Arabia Saudí el domingo, un número relativamente pequeño considerando que se trata de la mayor reunión anual del mundo islámico y que se temía fuera un incubador ideal para el virus.

Algunos expertos, sin embargo, advirtieron que la verdadera magnitud del virus no se conocerá hasta que los peregrinos regresen a sus países de origen.

Las autoridades habían registrado 73 casos de influenza porcina, o H1N1, incluyendo cinco muertes, dijo Abdulá al Rabeeah durante el último día de la peregrinación islámica, conocida como "hajj". Al Rabeeah dijo que sólo 10% de los casi 2,5 millones de peregrinos estaban vacunados contra el virus.

"Nuestras medidas de precaución han asegurado un hajj muy seguro y exitoso para los peregrinos de todo el mundo sin brotes infecciosos", dijo al-Rabeeah.

Las autoridades saudíes, apoyadas por expertos de salud estadounidenses e internacionales, trabajaron para reducir cualquier brote durante el hajj. Los encargados de salud circulaban alrededor del enorme campamento en Mina donde se alojaban los peregrinos y tomaban muestras con isopos para realizar pruebas después.

También colocaron contenedores de desinfectante de manos en las paredes en los campamentos, cerca de los baños públicos y los lugares rituales, mientras que los peregrinos que llegaban a los aeropuertos saudíes eran revisados usando una cámara térmica y se les ofrecían vacunas gratis.

Las autoridades también utilizaron la peregrinación como una prueba para crear una base de datos, observar mutaciones del virus y aprender lecciones sobre el control de la influenza porcina en otras grandes concentraciones humanas como la Copa Mundial de 2010 en Sudáfrica.

A pesar del impacto relativamente bajo del virus durante el hajj, algunos expertos han advertido que podría haber casos entre los peregrinos en su regreso a sus países de origen.

Al Rabeeah le restó importancia a esos temores el domingo diciendo que algunos peregrinos han estado en el país casi un mes, mucho más que la semana de incubación del virus.
Comunicado por: Jaime R. Torres [torresjaime@cantv.net]
-- ProMED-ESP

[Ver también: Influenza, H1N1, muertes, peregrinos musulmanes - Arabia Saudita 20091122.4012]

-----
ProMED-mail
...jt
*#########################*
ProMED-mail hace el máximo esfuerzo posible para verificar los informes que incluimos en nuestros envíos, pero no garantiza la exactitud ni integridad de la información, ni de cualquier aseveración u opinión basadas en ella. El lector debe asumir todos los riesgos incurridos al utilizar la información incluida o archivada por ProMED-mail. La Sociedad Internacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (International Society for Infectious Diseases, ISID) y los proveedores de servicio asociados a ella no serán responsables por errores u omisiones, ni sujetos a acción legal por daños o perjuicios incurridos como resultado del uso o confianza depositados en el material comunicado o archivado por ProMED-mail.
*************************

NEJM -- Use of Diuretics in Patients with Hypertension

Use of Diuretics in Patients with Hypertension
Michael E. Ernst, Pharm.D., and Marvin Moser, M.D.

Thiazide diuretics became available in the late 1950s and were the first effective oral antihypertensive agents with an acceptable side-effect profile.1,2 A half-century later, thiazides remain important medications for the treatment of hypertension. These agents reduce blood pressure when administered as monotherapy, enhance the efficacy of other antihypertensive agents, and reduce hypertension-related morbidity and mortality. This review focuses on thiazides, the diuretics most often indicated for long-term therapy for hypertension; loop diuretics and potassium-sparing agents are briefly considered.

Clinical Pharmacology of Thiazides

Chemistry and Mechanism of Action

Diuretic therapy for hypertension originated in 1937 with the discovery that sulfonamides caused acidemia and mild diuresis by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubule.3,4 Chlorothiazide, a benzothiadiazine derivative, was isolated during a search for more potent inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase5; chlorothiazide was found to be a more effective diuretic and also to unexpectedly increase the excretion of chloride, rather than bicarbonate.6 This effect on excretion eventually led to identification of the upstream portion of the distal convoluted tubule as the major site of action of the thiazides, where they interfere with sodium reabsorption by inhibiting the electroneutral sodium–chloride symporter (Figure 1).7 Activity against carbonic anhydrase, although maintained by some thiazides, is considered irrelevant to their mechanism of action, since sodium that is rejected proximally is reabsorbed downstream in the renal tubule in the thick ascending limb. Despite structural variation among the different congeners, the term thiazide diuretic includes all diuretics believed to have a primary action in the distal tubule.

abrir aquí para acceder al documento NEJM:
NEJM -- Use of Diuretics in Patients with Hypertension