External Quality Assessment for Zika Virus Molecular Diagnostic Testing, Brazil

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To the Editor: Fischer et al. described an external quality assessment exercise for laboratories in Brazil that perform molecular testing for Zika virus and the development of an armored RNA control material (1). Armored RNAs are RNA transcripts synthesized by in vitro transcription; they are encapsulated in a bacteriophage protein coat and are nuclease resistant. In addition to the external quality assessment samples, laboratories were sent vials of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (IS) for Zika virus, which was prepared by using heat-inactivated virus (2). Concentrations of WHO ISs are defined in IUs, in this case referring to the viral load, and, because of limitations on number of vials prepared in each batch, they are intended for calibrating secondary standards, including calibrators and run controls in IU facilitating comparison of assays (http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s23325en/s23325en.pdf). Secondary standards, such as armored RNAs, traceable in IU (in accordance with ISO 17511:2003), are important complementary reagents to WHO ISs. However, the study by Fischer et al. was missing the calibration of the armored RNA in IU, which is essential for traceability.

Because of packaging limitations of the protein coat, armored RNAs contain only partial genome sequences, compared with live or inactivated virus preparations such as the WHO ISs, which contain full-length genomes. Consequently, armored RNAs are restricted to controlling only certain assays. However, it may be easier to import armored RNAs into countries where disease outbreaks are occurring because they are noninfectious and have not been derived from either viremic plasma or cell culture–derived virus that has undergone heat inactivation.

Inactivation protocols of viral stock materials must be validated on a case-by-case basis. Certain viruses, such as Zika virus, are heat labile (3), whereas viruses such as alphaviruses are much more heat resistant, although there is a wide variation in susceptibility to heat inactivation between different members of the genus (4,5). The availability of controls, such as armored RNAs, is essential to ensure consistent assay performance on a daily basis and maintain stocks of WHO IS samples for calibration.

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Sally A. Baylis

and Johannes Blümel

Author affiliations: Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany

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References

Fischer C, Pedroso C, Mendrone A Jr, Bispo de Filippis AM, Vallinoto ACR, Ribeiro BM, et al. External quality assessment for Zika virus molecular diagnostic testing, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24:888–92. DOI PubMed
Baylis SA, Hanschmann KO, Schnierle BS, Trösemeier JH, Blümel J; Zika Virus Collaborative Study Group. Harmonization of nucleic acid testing for Zika virus: development of the 1st World Health Organization International Standard. Transfusion. 2017;57:748–61. DOI PubMed
Blümel J, Musso D, Teitz S, Miyabayashi T, Boller K, Schnierle BS, et al. Inactivation and removal of Zika virus during manufacture of plasma-derived medicinal products. Transfusion. 2017;57:790–6. DOI PubMed
Park SL, Huang YJ, Hsu WW, Hettenbach SM, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Virus-specific thermostability and heat inactivation profiles of alphaviruses. J Virol Methods. 2016;234:152–5. DOI PubMed
Huang YJ, Hsu WW, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Temperature tolerance and inactivation of chikungunya virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015;15:674–7. DOI PubMed