Table of Contents
Volume 19, Number 8–August 2013
Volume 19, Number 8—August 2013
Dispatch
Recombinant Coxsackievirus A2 and Deaths of Children, Hong Kong, 2012
Article Contents
Abstract
A natural recombinant of coxsackievirus A2 was found in 4 children with respiratory symptoms in Hong Kong, China, during the summer of 2012. Two of these children died. Vigilant monitoring of this emerging recombinant enterovirus is needed to prevent its transmission to other regions.The Study
Tissue samples of heart, lung, spleen, and rectum, and nasopharyngeal and rectal swab specimens were positive for enterovirus by virus culture in a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. These samples were also positive by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) with pan-enterovirus primers (5′-CAAGCACTTCTGTBWCCCCGG-3′ and 5′-GAAACACGGACACCCAAAGTAGT-3′) specific for the 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) as described (3–5).
Because sequence analysis of the 5′-UTR amplicon showed that this enterovirus strain was closely related to other human enterovirus A strains, another set of consensus primers (5′-TGCCCACAYCARTGGATHAA-3′ and 5′-CCTGACCACTGNGTRTARTA-3′) specific for the viral protein 2–viral protein 3 region of human enterovirus A was used for typing. CVA2 strain 430895 was identified. No other pathogens were detected in these specimens.
On June 19, 2012, a previously healthy 2-month-old girl who lived in Hong Kong had an upper respiratory tract infection for 3 days. She was cyanotic and unresponsive, and showed cardiorespiratory arrest at admission to the emergency department of Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Kowloon. Despite attempted resuscitation, she died <1 hour after admission. No epidemiologic link was found between this patient and the previous patient when public health officials interviewed the parents about exposure histories. Mild perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates were observed in postmortem lung samples. No gross or histologic evidence of encephalitis or myocarditis was found at postmortem examination. Although airway samples were positive for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and cytomegalovirus, no characteristic histologic changes indicative of such infections were found in lung tissues. One intestinal sample from this patient was positive for CVA2 strain 2260165 by RT-PCR.
Two other closely related CVA2 strains were detected in 2 children with respiratory symptoms in early June 2012. A 4-year-old boy was admitted to Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital and a 10-month-old boy was admitted to Queen Mary Hospital for fever and upper respiratory tract infection. Both patients recovered. Their CVA2 strains, 431135 and 431306, respectively, were detected by RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirates.
To understand the molecular basis for the possible pathogenetic mechanism of these CVA2 strains, we analyzed their complete genome sequences. The genome sequences of the 4 CVA2 strains were amplified and sequenced as described (4,5) and deposited in GenBank under accession nos. JX867330–JX867333. The genomes of the 4 CVA2 strains are 7.4 kbp and have a G + C content of 48.8%–48.9% (excluding the 3′ polyadenylated tract). They have sequence identities of 99.6%–99.9%.
Nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities between the 4 CVA2 strains and other human enterovirus A strains were compared (Table). Sequences of the capsid region (P1) of the 4 CVA2 strains showed >81.6% nt and >96.9% aa identities with the CVA2 prototype strain Fleetwood (CVA2F), suggesting that these strains belonged to the same serotype as CVA2. The 5′-UTR and nonstructural regions (P2 and P3) of the 4 CVA2 strains had highest sequence identities with those of other human enterovirus A strains but not with CVA2F.
Phylogenetic trees were constructed by using nucleotide sequences of the 5′-UTR and P1, P2, and P3 regions of the 4 CVA2 strains and other human enterovirus A strains with complete genome sequences (Figure 1). Sequence alignment was performed by using ClustalX version 2.0 (6). The best evolutionary model (general time reversible + invariant sites) for each dataset was determined by using ModelGenerator (7). Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed by using PhyML version 3.0 (8), and bootstrap values were calculated from 1,000 trees. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 4 CVA2 strains were most closely related to CVA2F in the 5′-UTR and P1 region. The 4 CVA2 strains clustered with EV71 subgenotype B3 strain SAR/SHA66 in the P2 region but with CVA4 strain SZ/CHN/09 in the P3 region.
Further analysis was performed to identify potential recombination sites (Figure 2). Multiple sequence alignment of genomes of representative CVA2 strain 430895 and other human enterovirus A strains was generated by using ClustalX version 2.0 and edited manually. Once aligned, similarity plot and bootscan analyses were conducted by using Simplot version 3.5.1 (window size 400 bp, step 20 bp) (9), with the genome sequence of CVA2 strain 430895 as the query sequence.
Results showed high bootstrap supports for clustering between CVA2F and the 4 CVA2 strains at nucleotide positions 700–3400, between EV71 strain SAR/SHA66 subgenotype B3 and the 4 CVA2 strains at nt positions 3700–4030, between EV71 strain SZ/HK08–5 subgenotype C4 and the 4 CVA2 strains at nt positions 4030–4300, and between CVA4 strain SZ/CHN/09 and the 4 CVA2 strains at nt position 5700 to the 3′ end of the genome. These findings indicated that recombination events might have occurred between nt positions 3400 and 3700 (corresponding to the 2A region), at nt position 4030 in the 2B region, and between positions 5400 and 5700 (corresponding to the 3C region). Several possible recombination events were detected in other regions of the CVA2 genome but with lower bootstrap supports.
Conclusions
We report a novel enterovirus isolated from or detected in 4 young children with severe upper respiratory tract infections in Hong Kong, 2 of whom died. This virus was characterized by complete genome sequencing as a recombinant virus of at least 3 enteroviruses (CVA2, EV71, and CVA4), and had the capsid of CVA2. Although it could not be determined whether this virus was the cause of the deaths, this report might serve to alert other investigators of circulation of a more pathogenic enterovirus.
Dr Yip is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Hong Kong. His research interests are identification and characterization of novel and emerging human and animal viruses and study of molecular and clinical epidemiology of viruses associated with human diseases.
Acknowledgments
We thank Carol Yu, Richard Yu, Hui Hoy, and Hui Ming for providing the genomic sequencing platform, and Constance Chan for assistance.
This study was supported by the Consultancy Service for Enhancing Laboratory Surveillance of Emerging Infectious Disease of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Department of Health.
This study was supported by the Consultancy Service for Enhancing Laboratory Surveillance of Emerging Infectious Disease of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Department of Health.
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Suggested citation for this article: Yip CCY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Wong SSY, Tsang THF, Lo JYC, et al. Recombinant coxsackievirus A2 and deaths of children, Hong Kong, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2013 Aug [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1908.121498
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