Respiratory Infection and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 | CDC EID

EID Journal Home > Volume 15, Number 12–December 2009

Volume 15, Number 12–December 2009
Dispatch
Respiratory Infection in Institutions during Early Stages of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Canada
Alex Marchand-Austin, David J. Farrell, Frances B. Jamieson, Nino Lombardi, Ernesto Lombos, Sunita Narang, Holy Akwar, Donald E. Low, and Jonathan B. Gubbay
Author affiliations: Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A. Marchand-Austin); and Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion, Toronto (D.J. Farrell, F.B. Jamieson, N. Lombardi, E. Lombos, S. Narang, H. Akwar, D.E. Low, J.B. Gubbay)

Suggested citation for this article

Abstract
Outbreaks of respiratory infection in institutions in Ontario, Canada were studied from April 20 to June 12, 2009, during the early stages of the emergence of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Despite widespread presence of influenza in the general population, only 2 of 83 outbreaks evaluated by molecular methods were associated with pandemic (H1N1) 2009.

Respiratory infection outbreaks in institutions housing large numbers of residents create an ideal environment for disease transmission (1). Patients in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) for the elderly are more susceptible to respiratory infections and have a higher risk for complications (2,3).

The Study
We reviewed respiratory infection outbreaks registered with the Public Health Laboratory (PHL), Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion dating back to October 2007 (Table 1). Molecular detection methods were used for a subset of outbreaks registered during October 1, 2008–April 19, 2009. After emergence of severe respiratory illness clusters in Mexico in early April, intensified tracking of respiratory infection outbreaks in Ontario was undertaken. Consequently, more information was available on outbreaks registered during the spring (April 20 to June 12, 2009); these data comprise the bulk of the study.

Respiratory infection outbreaks in LTCFs were defined as any of the following: 2 cases of acute respiratory tract illness, 1 of which was laboratory-confirmed; 3 cases of acute respiratory tract illness within 48 hours in a geographic area (e.g., unit, floor); and >2 units having a case of acute respiratory illness within a 48-hour period. Influenza-like-illness was defined as acute onset of respiratory illness with fever and cough with >1 of the following: sore throat, arthralgia, myalgia, or prostration.

From April 20 through June 12, 2009, a total of 112 respiratory infection outbreaks were registered. Molecular testing was not used in 29 outbreaks (e.g., insufficient/inappropriate sample). Most of the remaining 83 outbreaks submitted for molecular testing originated from LTCFs (91%); hospitals (2%), child care centers (2%), and psychiatric care facilities (1%) comprised the remainder. Facility type was not known for 4% of outbreaks tested. Mean age of persons tested as part of an outbreak investigation was 82 years (SD 13.96 years) and median age was 85 years; 95% were >57 years of age.

Testing on the 589 specimens received from 161 outbreaks registered from October 1, 2008 through June 12, 2009 was performed by real-time reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR) for the influenza A virus matrix gene and the Luminex Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP) (Luminex Molecular Diagnostics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) for other respiratory viruses.

An etiologic agent was identified in 89% of the 161 outbreaks tested by molecular methods. One-hundred-eleven (69%) were caused by 1 etiologic agent. Two and 3 different pathogens were identified in 24 (15%) and 6 (4%) outbreaks, respectively. Four pathogens were identified in 2 (1%) outbreaks. No etiologic agent was identified in 18 (11%) of the outbreaks tested by molecular methods, which includes 1 specimen in which the result was indeterminate for coronavirus OC43. A wide range of causative etiologic agents were detected for outbreaks by the RVP assay (Table 2). Specimens from most patients were positive for enterovirus/rhinovirus (114 patients) followed by metapneumovirus (85), parainfluenza virus type 3 (55), and human influenza virus A (H3) (41). No virus was identified in 186 patients.

Co-infections were noted in 22 of the patients tested by the RVP assay. In 1 LTCF outbreak, 2 patients had co-infection of an untypeable influenza A and enterovirus/rhinovirus on testing by RVP. An influenza A real-time RT-PCR result was negative in both patients; 1 patient had a co-infection with respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus/rhinovirus. Co-infections with coronavirus subtypes 229E and NL63 were the most common, observed in 10 of the 22 patients (45%) infected with multiple pathogens. Isolates from 1 patient were positive for 3 viruses (coronavirus subtypes 229E and NL63 and enterovirus/rhinovirus).

One of the 2 outbreaks identified as caused by pandemic (H1N1) 2009 originated from a LTCF was not observed until June 3, 2009, six weeks into the evolving pandemic, despite widespread community prevalence. The second pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak, registered on June 11, 2009, originated from a hospital treating patients with influenza-like illness. Seasonal influenza (H1N1 and H3N2) or pandemic (H1N1 2009) was detected in 2,966 (25.5%), and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in 2,203 (19%) of 11,612 persons tested at PHL for influenza A by real-time RT-PCR during April 20–June 12, 2009. Seasonal influenza A (H3N2) was only identified in 273 specimens (11.0%) of the 2,476 influenza A positive samples subtyped. However, it was the strain responsible for 15 (88%) of the typeable influenza A outbreaks at the same time. Seasonal influenza A (H1N1) was absent from institutional outbreaks and only detected in 41 (2%) of subtyped influenza A–positive samples from the general population.

Persons with laboratory-confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection tested at the PHL, Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion, were younger than those tested as part of outbreak investigations. Mean and median ages were 21.5 and 16 years, respectively; only 10% were >46 years of age.

Conclusions
The number of respiratory infection outbreaks in institutions submitted to PHL may reflect disease impact caused by respiratory viruses during the influenza season. Respiratory viruses during the 2007–08 season may have been more active than those of the 2008–09 season because the number of outbreaks registered with PHL decreased from 1 year to the next. Declaration of pandemic status for the novel (H1N1) virus has not influenced the reporting of respiratory infection outbreaks from institutions in Ontario because submission rates for the corresponding period in 2007–08 and 2008–09 are similar. Variation would not be expected because reporting is required by Ontario law (4).

Respiratory viruses detected in outbreaks in institutions reflect those known to be major causes of acute respiratory disease in the community; prevalence varies based on geographic location, season, and detection methods (5–7). Free access to such institutions by members of the community (staff or visitors), in conjunction with communal close quarters of residents, creates an ideal environment for propagation of viral respiratory outbreaks (8).

Current guidelines for isolation during viral respiratory outbreaks are not tailored for the specific virus. As shown in this study, multiplex molecular testing makes it possible to identify the virus causing most LTCF respiratory infection outbreaks. Infection control guidelines for a specific outbreak could be modified based on the incubation period and duration of viral shedding for the identified virus (9).

The most commonly identified virus in our study was enterovirus/rhinovirus. Clinicians should be reminded that rhinovirus can cause severe lower respiratory tract infection, including death, as documented in several LTCF outbreaks (10,11). These data highlight the need for molecular capacity to diagnose rhinovirus infection because detection is otherwise limited to less sensitive viral culture systems.

This review of outbreaks predominantly involving elderly persons in LTCFs highlights the sparing of older persons by pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Possible explanations include cross-protective antibodies from previous exposure to influenza A (H1N1) strains circulating before the antigenic shift of influenza A to subtype H2N2 in 1957 or minimal contact with those most likely to have imported the pandemic strain into Canada (young travelers) (12). In addition, older persons may have less contact with the age group (children 10–19 years of age), with most cases being in Ontario. Our findings support Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for vaccination with monovalent pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus vaccine. These guidelines have not placed older persons in a high priority group for vaccination because increased rates of hospitalization and severe disease caused by pandemic (H1N1) 2009 have not been observed (13,14). Investment in multiplex technologies to investigate respiratory outbreaks in LTCFs shortens time for pathogen detection, helps guide infection control and vaccination policies, and can potentially save resources spent on other investigations.

Acknowledgments
We thank the Public Health Division, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, for assistance in identifying respiratory outbreaks during the study period.

Mr Marchand-Austin is a Liaison Technical Officer for the province of Ontario, employed by the Public Health Agency of Canada. This recently created position serves to facilitate communication between provincial and federal public health laboratories.

References
Monto AS. Epidemiology of viral respiratory infections. Am J Med. 2002;112(Suppl 6A):4S–12S. PubMed DOI
Gardner ID. The effect of aging on susceptibility to infection. Rev Infect Dis. 1980;2:801–10.
Falsey AR, Treanor JJ, Betts RF, Walsh EE. Viral respiratory infections in the institutionalized elderly: clinical and epidemiologic findings. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:115–9.
Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Health Protection and Promotion Act Ontario, Regulation 559/91. Specification of Reportable Diseases [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_910559_e.htm
Mahony JB. Detection of respiratory viruses by molecular methods. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21:716–47. PubMed DOI
Laguna-Torres VA, Gómez J, Ocaña V, Aguilar P, Saldarriaga T, Chavez E, et al. Influenza-like illness sentinel surveillance in Peru. PLoS One. 2009;4:e6118. PubMed DOI
Follin, P, Lindqvist A, Nyström, K, and Lyndh, M. A variety of respiratory viruses found in symptomatic travellers returning from countries with ongoing spread of the new influenza A (H1N1) virus strain. Euro Surveill. 2009;14(24):pii 19242.
Nuno M, Reichert TA, Chowell G, Gumel AB. Protecting residential care facilities from pandemic influenza. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:10625–30. PubMed DOI
Lessler J, Reich NG, Brookmeyer R, Perl TM, Nelson KE, Cummings DA. Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:291–300. PubMed DOI
Hicks LA, Shepard CW, Britz PH, Erdman DD, Fischer M, Flannery BL, et al. Two outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in nursing homes associated with rhinovirus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:284–9. PubMed DOI
Louie JK, Yagi S, Nelson FA, Kiang D, Glaser CA, Rosenberg J, et al. Rhinovirus outbreak in a long term care facility for elderly persons associated with unusually high mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:262–5. PubMed DOI
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Serum cross-reactive antibody response to a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus after vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:521–4.
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58(RR10):1–8.
Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Investigation Team, Dawood FS, Jain S, Finelli L, Shaw MW, Lindstrom S, Garten RJ, et al. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2605–15. PubMed DOI
Tables (please, see the full-text)
Table 1. Respiratory outbreak submissions to Ontario, Canada, public health laboratories by geographic location and season
Table 2. Etiologic agents identified by the Luminex Respiratory Virus Panel* from samples submitted by regional health units during outbreaks, Canada

Suggested Citation for this Article
Marchand-Austin A, Farrell DJ, Jamieson FB, Lombardi N, Lombos E, Narang S, et al. Respiratory infection in institutions during early stages of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2009 Dec [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/15/12/2001.htm

DOI: 10.3201/eid1512.091022

abrir aquí para acceder al documento CDC EID completo:
Respiratory Infection and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 | CDC EID