Factors Contributing to Congenital Heart Disease

What causes congenital heart disease?

A congenital heart defect (CHD) is a heart problem which is present at birth, caused by improper development of the heart during fetal development. In the majority of the instances when a baby is born with congenital heart disease, there is no known reason for the heart to have formed improperly. Scientists know that some types of congenital heart defects can be related to an abnormality of an infant's chromosomes (5 to 6 percent), single gene defects (3 to 5 percent), or environmental factors (2 percent). In 85 to 90 percent of cases, there is no identifiable cause for the heart defect, and they are generally considered to be caused by multifactorial inheritance.
Multifactorial inheritance means that "many factors" (multifactorial) are involved in causing a birth defect. The factors are usually both genetic and environmental, where a combination of genes from both parents, in addition to unknown environmental factors, produce the trait or condition.

Maternal factors and CHD:

Most mothers of babies born with congenital heart disease will look critically at their own behaviors during pregnancy to try to find a cause for their child's illness. It is important to remember that most cases of congenital heart disease have no known cause. However, some types of congenital heart defects are known to occur more often when the mother comes in contact with certain substances during the first few weeks of pregnancy, while the baby's heart is developing. Some maternal illnesses and medications taken for these illnesses have been shown to affect the heart's development. Other illnesses or medications seem to have no impact on the baby's heart. Always consult your physician or obstetrician for more information.
Women who have seizure disorders and need to take anti-seizure medications may have a higher risk for having a child with congenital heart disease, as do women who take lithium to treat depression. Mothers who have phenylketonuria (PKU) who do not adhere to the special diet necessary to manage the disease during pregnancy have a higher risk of having a child with congenital heart disease. Also, women with insulin-dependent diabetes (particularly if the diabetes is not well-controlled) or lupus may have a higher risk of having a child with heart defects. Counseling is important for women with these chronic illnesses before becoming pregnant.
Rubella, a virus that most people in the United States either had as a child, or were immunized against when they received the MMR vaccine, is known to cause birth defects. A woman who has never had rubella nor been vaccinated against the disease should consult her physician before becoming pregnant. A mother who contracts rubella during her pregnancy has a very significant chance of having a baby with birth defects, including congenital heart disease.
Always consult your physician before taking any medications while you are pregnant.

Family history and CHD:

In the general population, about 1 percent of all children are born with congenital heart disease. However, the risk increases when either parent has congenital heart disease (CHD), or when another sibling was born with CHD.
Consider the following statistics:

If you have had one child with congenital heart disease, the chance that another child will be born with CHD ranges from 1.5 to 5 percent, depending on the type of CHD in the first child.
If you have had two children with CHD, then the risk increases to 5 to 10 percent, to have another child with CHD.
If the mother has CHD, the risk for a child to be born with CHD ranges from 2.5 to 18 percent, with an average risk of 6.7 percent.
If the father has CHD, the risk for a child to be born with CHD ranges from 1.5 to 3 percent.
Congenital heart defects involving obstructions to blood flow in the left side of the heart have a higher rate of reoccurrence than other heart defects.
If another child is born with CHD, it can be a different type of defect than seen in the first child.
Some heart defects are considered to have autosomal-dominant inheritance; meaning that a parent with the defect has a 50 percent chance, with each pregnancy, to have a child with the same heart defect, and males and females are equally affected. Similarly, there is also a 50 percent chance that an offspring will not be affected.

Consultation with a genetic counselor or genetic specialist is encouraged for women with congenital heart disease before becoming pregnant. In families with CHD either in the parents or offspring, fetal echocardiography can be performed in the second trimester, at about 18 to 22 weeks of pregnancy, to determine the presence of major heart defects in the fetus.

Chromosome abnormalities and CHD:

Problems with chromosomes that result in genetic syndromes, such as Down syndrome, often result in a higher incidence of infant heart malformations. Five to 8 percent of all babies with CHD have a chromosome abnormality. Chromosomes are the structures in your cells that contain your genes; genes code for your traits such as eye color and blood type. Usually there are 46 chromosomes in each cell of the body. Having too many or too few chromosomes results in health problems and birth defects. Structural defects of the chromosomes, where a piece of the chromosome is missing or present in duplicate, also causes health problems.
There are a number of chromosome abnormalities associated with congenital heart defects. Some of these include the following:

Down syndrome
trisomy 18 and trisomy 13
Turner's syndrome
Cri du chat syndrome
Wolf-Hirshhorn syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome (deletion 22q11)

Chromosome analysis can be performed from a small blood sample to rule out the presence of a chromosome abnormality in a child with a congenital heart defect.

Single gene defects:

There are an estimated 70,000 genes contained on the 46 chromosomes in each cell of the body. Genes come in pairs, one which is inherited from the mother, the other from the father. Genes not only compose our individual traits, but also compose health problems when gene alterations (mutations) are present. When a gene is mutated, a number of health problems may occur in a person, due to the single underlying genetic mutation. Several health problems with one genetic cause are often referred to as a syndrome. Some of the genetic syndromes associated with a higher incidence of heart defects include, but are not limited to, the following:

Marfan syndrome
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
Ellis-van Creveld
Holt-Oram syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidoses

Other genetic syndromes which are not due to a single gene defect but are associated with CHD include Goldenhar syndrome (hemifacial microsomia), William's syndrome, and the VACTERL association (tracheal and esophageal malformations associated with vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, renal, radial, and limb abnormalities make up the VACTERL syndrome).
When a child is born with a congenital heart defect, if there is a suspicion that the child has some type of genetic syndrome, a physician who specializes in genetics (called a clinical geneticist) may be asked to evaluate your child.
If a child has been diagnosed with a chromosomal or other genetic abnormality, genetic counseling is helpful to determine the risk of heart defects occurring in future children.