lunes, 7 de noviembre de 2011

Fatal Infectious Diseases during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak - Vol. 17 No. 11 - November 2011 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

EID Journal
  • November 2011

  • Fatal Infectious Diseases during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak

  • Volume 17, Number 11—November 2011

    Letter

    Fatal Infectious Diseases during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak

    Suggested citation for this article
    To the Editor: Nonpandemic infectious diseases occur with usual incidence during pandemics even though clinical attention is often on the pandemic pathogen. Many of these other infectious diseases share similar clinical signs and symptoms and are sometimes fatal. During the outbreak of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, tissue specimens from case-patients with undiagnosed fatal respiratory illnesses were submitted to the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, Georgia, USA) for evaluation for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection (1).
    All respiratory tissue specimens from 450 case-patients received during April 29, 2009–May 5, 2010, were screened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) protocol for detection and characterization of swine influenza virus (2). Of these, specimens from 250 (56%) tested negative for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus and had no other confirmatory or prior influenza testing. Of these case-patients whose specimens tested negative for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, a total of 139 (56%) were male, and the median age was 30 years (range 8 days to 81 years). The median duration from onset of illness to death was 7 days (range 1–40 days). Of the 164 case-patients with available medical records, 127 (77%) had >1 underlying or preexisting medical condition.
    When compared with case-patients during the same time who had pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection confirmed by rRT-PCR, case-patients who were not infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus were more likely to be young (<9 years of age; odds ratio [OR] 2.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38–3.61) and less likely to be obese (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.36–0.92) or have asthma (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16–0.68). Fever, cough, and shortness of breath were less frequently reported in the case-patients without pandemic (H1N1) 2009.
    On the basis of the histopathologic features observed in the respiratory tissues of the case-patients who were not infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009, along with their clinical and epidemiologic information, the specimens were further evaluated by using special histochemical stains, immunohistochemical tests, and molecular assays. At least l etiologic agent was identified in specimens from 69 (28%) of the 250 specimens (Table). Bacterial pathogens were identified for 44 case-patients; Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the most frequently identified. Immunohistochemical tests and PCRs found evidence of viral agents in samples from 26 case-patients. Most of these were seasonal or unsubtypeable influenza A viruses; in a smaller subset, other respiratory viruses were detected, including respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. Multiple fungal pathogens were detected in specimens from 2 case-patients.
    For many of the diseases caused by the pathogens subsequently identified, the clinical features are predominantly respiratory, and many nonspecific manifestations are similar to those of influenza. Nonetheless, >50% of the patients in this study who died of suspected influenza had negative test results for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, and for >25% of these, other infectious causes were detected. Infections other than influenza should be considered during a pandemic and during an endemic influenza season to facilitate the diagnosis of illness and treatment of patients with complications or severe respiratory infections. Although we did not conduct a case–control study, these findings also support the results of other studies that previously reported the demographic characteristics of patients with pandemic influenza infections and the risk factors for severe or fatal pandemic influenza infections (3,4), especially with respect to obesity (5).
    Evaluation of tissues collected during autopsy from patients with a suspected infectious process can provide an etiologic diagnosis that was not available from routine premortem and postmortem testing. Other etiologic agents detected in this study included reportable disease agents (e.g., Rickettsia rickettsii, Legionella pneumophila, dengue virus), vaccine-preventable diseases (e.g., pneumococcal, meningococcal diseases), and zoonotic agents (Leptospira and Capnocytophaga spp.). These findings underscore the need for autopsies for diagnosing fatal infectious diseases (6). They also confirm the need for coordinated surveillance programs that identify deaths potentially attributable to infectious causes, including the unexplained deaths program (7) and medical examiner infectious diseases death surveillance program (8). Partnerships of medical examiners and pathologists with local, state, and federal public health departments are crucial for detecting and monitoring pandemic diseases and for assessing the scope and magnitude of infectious agents that continuously affect human populations (9). These infections often result in sudden or unexplained death; thus, a standardized approach to death investigations is recommended.
    Dianna M. BlauComments to Author , Amy M. Denison, Julu Bhatnagar, Marlene DeLeon-Carnes, Clifton Drew, Christopher Paddock, Wun-Ju Shieh, Sherif R. Zaki, and Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch Working Group
    Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Acknowledgments

    We thank the state and local public health departments, the state and local public health laboratories, and all the pathologists and medical examiners who submitted specimens to the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch.

    References

    1. Shieh  WJ, Blau  DM, Denison  AM, Deleon-Carnes  M, Adem  P, Bhatnagar  J, 2009 Pandemic influenza A (H1N1): pathology and pathogenesis of 100 fatal cases in the United States. Am J Pathol. 2010;177:16675. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
    2. Denison  AM, Blau  DM, Jost  HA, Jones  T, Rollin  D, Gao  R, Diagnosis of influenza from respiratory autopsy tissues: detection of virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR in 222 cases. J Mol Diagn. 2011;13:1238. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
    3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Intensive-care patients with severe novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection—Michigan, June 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:74952.PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
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    5. Louie  JK, Acosta  M, Samuel  MC, Schechter  R, Vugia  DJ, Harriman  K, A novel risk factor for a novel virus: obesity and 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1). Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:30112. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
    6. Hanzlick  R. Medical examiners, coroners, and public health: a review and update. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:127482.PubMedExternal Web Site Icon
    7. Hajjeh  RA, Relman  D, Cieslak  PR, Sofair  AN, Passaro  D, Flood  J, Surveillance for unexplained deaths and critical illnesses due to possibly infectious causes, United States, 1995–1998. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:14553. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
    8. Nolte  KB, Lathrop  SL, Nashelsky  MB, Nine  JS, Gallaher  MM, Umland  ET, “Med-X”: a medical examiner surveillance model for bioterrorism and infectious disease mortality. Hum Pathol. 2007;38:71825. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon
    9. Nolte  KB, Fischer  M, Reagan  S, Lynfield  R. Guidelines to implement medical examiner/coroner-based surveillance for fatal infectious diseases and bioterrorism (“Med-X”). Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2010;31:30812. DOIExternal Web Site IconPubMedExternal Web Site Icon

    Table

    Suggested citation for this article: Blau DM, Denison AM, Bhatnagar J, DeLeon-Carnes M, Drew C, Paddock C, et al. Fatal infectious diseases during pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the internet]. 2011 Nov [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1711.110429External Web Site Icon
    DOI: 10.3201/eid1711.110429
    Fatal Infectious Diseases during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak - Vol. 17 No. 11 - November 2011 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC

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