Volume 24, Number 10—October 2018
Research Letter
Fatal Cronobacter sakazakii Sequence Type 494 Meningitis in a Newborn, Brazil
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Cláudia Elizabeth Volpe Chaves1, Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão1
, Mara Luci Gonçalves Galiz Lacerda, Caroline Aparecida Barbosa Coelho Rocha, Sandra Maria do Valle Leone de Oliveira, Tânia Cristina Parpinelli, Luiza Vasconcellos, Stephen James Forsythe, and Anamaria Mello Miranda Paniago
, Mara Luci Gonçalves Galiz Lacerda, Caroline Aparecida Barbosa Coelho Rocha, Sandra Maria do Valle Leone de Oliveira, Tânia Cristina Parpinelli, Luiza Vasconcellos, Stephen James Forsythe, and Anamaria Mello Miranda PaniagoAbstract
We describe a case of infection with Cronobacter sakazakii sequence type 494 causing bacteremia and meningitis in a hospitalized late premature infant in Brazil. We conducted microbiological analyses on samples of powdered infant formula from the same batch as formula ingested by the infant but could not identify the source of contamination.
Figure. Brain nuclear magnetic resonance image of a newborn with Cronobacter sakazakii sequence type 494 meningitis, Brazil. Extradural collections are visible in both parietal regions. Arrow indicates the more pronounced extradural collection,...
In September 2017, a healthy boy was born at 35 weeks’ gestation in Brazil. The newborn was fed breast milk and reconstituted powdered infant formula (PIF) while in the hospital. On postnatal day 4, he began sleeping more than usual and experienced hypoactivity, pallor, jaundice, seizures, metabolic acidosis, and finally respiratory insufficiency, necessitating mechanical ventilation and empiric treatment with cefepime and ampicillin. We obtained 2 blood cultures on postnatal day 4 that yielded Cronobacter spp. with resistance to cephalothin and cefoxitin, intermediate resistance to nitrofurantoin, and susceptibility to other antimicrobial drugs, including cefepime and ampicillin. A transfontanel ultrasound on postnatal day 6 showed grade 2 periintraventricular hemorrhage with hypoxic-ischemic lesions. Subsequent computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging revealed biparietal cerebral abscess (Figure). Culture of the cerebral abscess on postnatal day 33 yielded Cronobacter spp. that had the same pattern of antimicrobial drug susceptibility as that found in blood isolates. Because of the patient’s progressive clinical deterioration, we changed the antimicrobial therapy to meropenem on postnatal day 10; however, the infant failed to improve, and he died on postnatal day 46.
The mother’s pregnancy was uncomplicated except for a urinary tract infection (UTI), for which she received cephalexin, in the third trimester. She experienced another UTI caused by Enterococcus faecalis and endometritis shortly after giving birth and underwent endometrial curettage and received ampicillin/sulbactam. We did not identify Cronobacter spp. in the urine or endometrial curettage material.
We were unable to analyze a sample from PIF container, the contents of which had been used. Because contaminated PIF from opened cans has been identified as the vehicle in nearly all infant Cronobacter infections in the past decade for which a source has been found (1), this lack of testing is probably the most significant limitation of this investigation. Subsequently, we sent an unopened can of the PIF from the same lot consumed by the newborn to Nacional Institute of Quality Control in Health from Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), a public laboratory in the Brazilian System of Sanitary Surveillance, where the PIF was analyzed in accordance with 2 standard procedures (2,3). Neither method recovered Cronobacter.
According to the hospital’s standard procedure, all PIF was reconstituted with potable water that was heated >70°C, cooled, and used immediately. However, we could not trace the total time between the reconstitution of the PIF, the time it was maintained during cooling, and the subsequent feeding to the newborn, because the hospital does not have procedures for recording this process.
Ten newborns, 6 of whom were preterm infants, had been fed from the same lot of PIF. We followed the infants clinically during their hospital stay, and none showed signs or symptoms of Cronobacter infection.
We did not obtain swab specimens for surveillance. We collected environmental samples from the newborn’s location after birth and from formula preparation equipment for microbiological tests in the hospital approximately 3 weeks after illness onset. However, several cleaning and disinfection procedures had been performed, limiting our chances to detect the pathogen in these samples. We collected 1 rectal swab from the newborn brother of the patient on postnatal day 4. We streaked samples onto the surface of ChromID CPS agar (bioMérieux, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), and test results were negative for Cronobacter. However, this method is not specific for Cronobacter isolation.
Contaminated PIF and expressed breast milk have been epidemiologically linked with Cronobacter infections in neonates (1,4), and cases in Brazil have been reported in the literature (5,6). The magnitude of Cronobacter disease in Brazil is unclear, partly because it is not a compulsory notifiable disease. The most recent reported cases occurred in 2013, when C. malonaticus sequence types (ST) 394 and ST440 were responsible for bacteremia in 3 neonates, and the source of contamination was not identified (5,7).
In our study, the analyzed PIF did not show Cronobacter contamination. In addition, the method of PIF preparation used in the hospital (using water >70°C) would probably inactivate any Cronobacter present in the PIF. Because we analyzed only 1 sample, it is possible that we did not detect Cronobacter because contamination was not homogeneous across the lot or was below the limit of detection for our methods. We recommend the use of sterile liquid infant formulas in the hospital for patients in neonatal intensive care units unless there is no suitable alternative.
We used the Cronobacter MLST Database (http://pubmlst.org/cronobacter) to perform multilocus sequence typing on the 3 Cronobacter isolates we detected (8). We identified the strains as C. sakazakii ST494, an ST which is not in any of the recognized C. sakazakii clonal complex (CC) pathovars, such as C. sakazakii CC4, which is strongly associated with neonatal meningitis (9).
Cronobacter bacteria can cause severe meningitis, resulting in brain abscess formation. Virulence studies of C. sakazakii ST494 strains are needed to elucidate their pathogenicity and to compare with C. sakazakii CC4 strains.
Ms. Volpe is an infectious diseases specialist and PhD student in infectious diseases at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with research interests in hospital infectious disease control.
Acknowledgment
We thank Luiza Vasconcellos and the residency program in the Sanitary Surveillance of INCQS/Fiocruz. We are grateful for access to the sequencing core “Plataforma Genomica de Sequenciamento de DNA/PDTIS-FIOCRUZ.”
References
- International Organization for Standardization. Microbiology of the food chain—horizontal method for the detection of Cronobacter spp. ISO 22964:2017. Geneva: The Organization; 2017.
- Chen Y, Lampel K, Hammack T. Cronobacter. In: Bacteriological analytical manual. 8th ed. Revision A, 1998. Rockville (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2012 [cited 2018 Aug 20]. https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ucm289378.htm
- Brandão MLL, Umeda NS, Carvalho KR, Filippis I. Investigation of an outbreak caused by Cronobacter malonaticus in a maternity hospital in Teresina, Piauí: characterization and typing by pulsed field gel electrophoresis [in Portuguese]. Vig Sanit Debate. 2015;3:91–6.
- Barreira ER, Souza ER, Gois DC, Freitas PF, Fernandes JC. Enterobacter sakazakii meningitis in a newborn infant: case report [in Portuguese]. Pediatria (São Paulo). 2003;25:65–70.
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Cite This ArticleOriginal Publication Date: 8/28/2018
1These authors contributed equally to this article.
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