Vibrio cholerae O1 Isolate with Novel Genetic Background, Thailand–Myanmar

Suggested citation for this article
To the Editor: Vibrio cholerae O1, a causative agent of cholera, was classified into 2 biotypes, classical and El Tor (1). However, accumulating evidence suggests that atypical El Tor V. cholerae, which possesses traits of both classical and El Tor biotypes, has replaced the seventh pandemic prototypic El Tor V. cholerae worldwide in recent years. Cholera outbreaks in Thailand during 2007–2010 were caused by atypical El Tor isolates carrying the classical type cholera toxin gene (2). Epidemiologic surveys in a Thailand–Myanmar border area during 2008 yielded more than 500 isolates of V. cholerae O1. We identified an isolate that possessed the typical El Tor type cholera toxin gene (genotype 3) and designated it MS6 (later assigned strain number DMST28216). It does not belong to either the seventh pandemic prototypic biotype identified in 1961 or the group of atypical El Tor strains found during 1991–present (3).
MS6 was isolated from stool samples from a 26-year-old woman (migrant worker) from Myanmar who had been admitted to Mae Sot General Hospital in Tak Province, Thailand, for 3 days with vomiting, watery diarrhea, nausea, fever, and headache. The illness was considered mild to moderate. Acute gastroenteritis was diagnosed on the basis of the symptoms and laboratory results. The key virulence factors of V. cholerae O1 include cholera toxin (CTX), which is responsible for profuse watery diarrhea, and a pilus colonization factor known as toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). The virulence-related genes (ctxAB and tcpA) and the phage repressor gene (rstR) of MS6 had identical sequences to those of the seventh pandemic prototypic El Tor V. cholerae O1 N16961 strain. The isolate was found to be positive for enteric bacteria in the Voges-Proskauer test and resistant to polymyxin B (50 units). We further investigated 2 gene clusters, Vibrio seventh pandemic island I (VSP-I) and II (VSP-II), associated with the seventh pandemic strains and absent in classical and pre–seventh pandemic strains (4–7). The common genes on the VSP-I island in N16961, including VC0175, VC0178, VC0180, VC0181, and VC0183, were detected by PCR (8) in MS6 but were lacking in VSP-II; 26.9 kb of VSP-II was originally found in N16961. Moreover, PCR analysis showed that the isolate did not possess the VC2346 gene, a specific marker of the seventh pandemic clone (5,9). However, we found a VC2346 homolog with 83.9% sequence identity with VC2346 at the nucleotide level and 97% at the amino acid level in the 624-bp region. The coding region of the homolog is considered to be shorter than VC2346 (684 bp) because it contains the stop codon, TAG. This homolog was identified in environmental, classical, or pre–seventh pandemic strains of V. cholerae O1 (5), including MS6, and in 2740–80 (US Gulf Coast, 1980), 3569–08 (US Gulf Coast, 2008), BX33026 (environmental water in Australia, 1986), RC27 (classical, human isolate in Indonesia, 1991), O395 (classical, human isolate in India, 1965), MAK757 and M66–2 (pre–seventh pandemic, human isolate in Indonesia, 1937), and NCTC 8457 (pre–seventh pandemic, human isolate in Saudi Arabia, 1910), excluding seventh pandemic strains.

Figure

Thumbnail of Relationships among MS6, Vibrio cholerae O1 strain, isolated in Thailand in 2008, and other V. cholerae O1 strains based on 15 housekeeping genes referenced in Salim et al. (10). Boldface indicates the MS6 strain. The mutational (m) and recombinational (r) changes with gene names are marked on the branches (r ≠ r2). Numbers in parentheses represent the year of isolation. DNA gyrase subunit B gene (gyrB) of MS6 is 22 nt differences from that of the seventh pandemic clone. Two genes o

Figure. . . Relationships among MS6, Vibrio cholerae O1 strain, isolated in Thailand in 2008, and other V. cholerae O1 strains based on 15 housekeeping genes referenced in Salim et al. (<>

This conservation of the homologue of VC2346 in strains isolated over the course of a century and the geographic distribution of the strains suggest a notable biologic function and a specific marker. In addition, we determined the sequences of 15 housekeeping genes which exhibited sequence variations in toxigenic V. cholerae (10). The results indicated that by comparison, MS6 is closely related to the US Gulf clones (Figure). However, 2 genes, malP and pepN, of MS6 are remotely related to them and are novel sequence types, based on results of a BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi

) search. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by using the disk diffusion method revealed that MS6 was susceptible to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, streptomycin, furazolidone, doxycycline, and norfloxacin, and had intermediate susceptibility to ampicillin and erythromycin, suggesting that MS6 had not been exposed to several antimicrobial drugs. The V. cholerae SXT element, which usually shows code drug-resistance markers, integrates into a specific site of the prfC gene. In MS6, the complete prfC gene was detected. The accession numbers of DDBJ for nucleotide sequences determined in this study are AB699244-AB699265. MS6 possesses unique properties in terms of the ribotype, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis profile, compared with other V. cholerae O1 isolates (2).
This case was probably an episode of sporadic cholera from indigenous V. cholerae O1, such as US Gulf Coast and Australian clones, which are mainly associated with environmental sources. We have been unable to isolate another MS6-like clone, which could have escaped detection because of low prevalence or might exist in a dormant state in a rural area. Nevertheless, the transmission route and its pathogenicity must be of concern for public health.

Kazuhisa Okada

, Amonrattana Roobthaisong, Witaya Swaddiwudhipong, Shigeyuki Hamada, and Siriporn Chantaroj

Author affiliations: Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand (K. Okada, A. Roobthaisong, S. Hamada); Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (K. Okada, S. Hamada); Mae Sot General Hospital, Tak, Thailand (W. Swaddiwudhipong); and National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi (S. Chantaroj)

References

Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK. Cholera. Lancet. 2004;363:223–33. DOI PubMed
Okada K, Roobthaisong A, Nakagawa I, Hamada S, Chantaroj S. Genotypic and PFGE/MLVA analyses of Vibrio cholerae O1: geographical spread and temporal changes of isolates during the 2007–2010 cholera outbreaks in Thailand. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e30863. DOI PubMed
Safa A, Nair GB, Kong RYC. Evolution of new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1. Trends Microbiol. 2010;18:46–54. DOI PubMed
Dziejman M, Balon E, Boyd D, Fraser CM, Heidelberg JF, Mekalanos JJ. Comparative genomic analysis of Vibrio cholerae: genes that correlate with cholera endemic and pandemic disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:1556–61. DOI PubMed
Chun J, Grim CJ, Hasan NA, Lee JH, Choi SY, Haley BJ, Comparative genomics reveals mechanism for short-term and long-term clonal transitions in pandemic Vibrio cholerae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:15442–7. DOI PubMed
Taviani E, Grim CJ, Choi J, Chun J, Haley B, Hasan NA, Discovery of novel Vibrio cholerae VSP-II genomic islands using comparative genomic analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2010;308:130–7.PubMed
Grim CJ, Choi J, Chun J, Jeon YS, Taviani E, Hasan NA, Occurrence of the Vibrio cholerae seventh pandemic VSP-I island and a new variant. OMICS. 2010;14:1–7. DOI PubMed
O’Shea YA, Reen FJ, Quirke AM, Boyd EF. Evolutionary genetic analysis of the emergence of epidemic Vibrio cholerae isolates on the basis of comparative nucleotide sequence analysis and Multilocus Virulence Gene Profiles. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:4657–71 . DOI PubMed
Talkington D, Bopp C, Tarr C, Parsons MB, Dahourou G, Freeman M, Characterization of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae from Haiti, 2010–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:2122–9.PubMed
Salim A, Lan R, Reeves PR. Vibrio cholerae pathogenic clones. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1758–60 . DOI PubMed

Figure

Figure. . . Relationships among MS6, Vibrio cholerae O1 strain, isolated in Thailand in 2008, and other V. cholerae O1 strains based on 15 housekeeping genes referenced in Salim et al....

Suggested citation for this article: Okada K, Roobthaisong A, Swaddiwudhipong W, Hamada S, Chantaroj S. Vibrio cholerae O1 isolate with novel genetic background, Thailand–Myanmar [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2013 Jun [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1906.120345

DOI: 10.3201/eid1906.120345