Pertussis (Whooping Cough) – What You Need To Know
Pertussis (whooping cough) is very contagious and can cause serious illness―especially in infants too young to be fully vaccinated. Pertussis vaccines are recommended for children, teens, and adults, including pregnant women.
Pertussis (whooping cough) is a very contagious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. Among vaccine-preventable diseases, pertussis is one of the most commonly occurring ones in the United States.
Also, pertussis vaccines are very effective but not 100% effective
[PDF - 140KB]. If pertussis is circulating in the community, there is still a chance that a fully vaccinated person can catch this very contagious disease. When you or your child develops a cold that includes a prolonged or severe cough, it may be pertussis. The best way to know is to contact your doctor.
Unlike the common cold, pertussis can become a series of coughing fits that continues for weeks. Pertussis can cause violent and rapid coughing, over and over, until the air is gone from the lungs and you are forced to inhale with a loud "whooping" sound. In infants, the cough can be minimal or not even there.
Infants may have a symptom known as "apnea." Apnea is a pause in the child's breathing pattern. If your baby is having trouble breathing, take him to a hospital or doctor right away.
Reported cases of pertussis vary from year to year and tend to peak every 3-5 years. In 2010, 27,550 cases of pertussis were reported in the U.S.—and many more cases go unreported. Twenty-seven deaths were reported – 25 of these deaths were in children younger than 1 year old. Since the 1980s, there's been an increase in the number of cases of pertussis, especially among teens (10–19 years of age) and babies younger than 6 months of age. In 2010, an increase in reported cases among 7-10 year olds was seen. This new trend reinforces the need for a routinely recommended booster dose of Tdap at age 11 or 12 years.
For Preteens and Teens: Vaccine protection for pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria can decrease with time. Preteens going to the doctor for their regular check-up at age 11 or 12 years should get a booster vaccine, called Tdap. Teens and young adults who didn't get a booster of Tdap as a preteen should get one dose when they visit their health care provider.
For Pregnant Women: Pregnant women who have not been previously vaccinated with Tdap should get one dose of Tdap during the third trimester or late second trimester – or immediately postpartum, before leaving the hospital or birthing center. By getting Tdap during pregnancy, maternal pertussis antibodies transfer to the newborn, likely providing protection against pertussis in early life, before the baby starts getting DTaP vaccines. Tdap will also protect the mother at time of delivery, making her less likely to transmit pertussis to her infant.
For Adults: Adults who didn't get Tdap as a preteen or teen should get one dose of Tdap. Getting vaccinated with Tdap at least two weeks before coming into close contact with an infant is especially important for families with and caregivers of new infants. Adults 65 years and older who have close contact with infants should also get a dose of Tdap if they never have before.
The easiest thing for adults to do is to get Tdap instead of their next regular tetanus booster—the Td shot that is recommended for adults every 10 years. The dose of Tdap can be given earlier than the 10-year mark, so it's a good idea for adults to talk to a health care provider about what's best for their specific situation.
Pregnant? Protect Yourself & Your Baby from Whooping Cough
When the source of whooping cough was identified, mothers were responsible for 30-40% of infant infections (Bisgard, 2004 & Wendelboe, 2007). Read a story about a family affected by whooping cough.
If you have not been previously vaccinated with Tdap (the whooping cough booster shot), talk with your doctor about getting one dose of Tdap, preferably during the third trimester or late second trimester – or immediately after delivery before leaving the hospital or birthing center with your newborn. Learn more about vaccine protection for pertussis.
Healthcare Professionals:See updated Tdap immunization recommendations for pregnant women.
If you have not been previously vaccinated with Tdap (the whooping cough booster shot), talk with your doctor about getting one dose of Tdap, preferably during the third trimester or late second trimester – or immediately after delivery before leaving the hospital or birthing center with your newborn. Learn more about vaccine protection for pertussis.
Healthcare Professionals:See updated Tdap immunization recommendations for pregnant women.
Pertussis Vaccine Protection
There is high pertussis vaccine coverage for children nationwide. However, protection from the childhood vaccine decreases over time. Preteens, teens and adults need to be revaccinated, even if they were completely vaccinated as children.Also, pertussis vaccines are very effective but not 100% effective
[PDF - 140KB]. If pertussis is circulating in the community, there is still a chance that a fully vaccinated person can catch this very contagious disease. When you or your child develops a cold that includes a prolonged or severe cough, it may be pertussis. The best way to know is to contact your doctor.Pertussis Symptoms
Pertussis can cause serious illness in infants, children and adults. The disease starts like the common cold, with runny nose or congestion, sneezing, and maybe mild cough or fever. But after 1–2 weeks, severe coughing can begin.Unlike the common cold, pertussis can become a series of coughing fits that continues for weeks. Pertussis can cause violent and rapid coughing, over and over, until the air is gone from the lungs and you are forced to inhale with a loud "whooping" sound. In infants, the cough can be minimal or not even there.
Infants may have a symptom known as "apnea." Apnea is a pause in the child's breathing pattern. If your baby is having trouble breathing, take him to a hospital or doctor right away.
Disease Complications
Pertussis is most severe for babies; more than half of infants younger than 1 year of age who get the disease must be hospitalized. About 1 in 5 infants with pertussis get pneumonia (lung infection), and about 1 in 100 will have convulsions. In rare cases (1 in 100), pertussis can be deadly, especially in infants. Learn how pertussis can be treated.How Pertussis Spreads
People with pertussis usually spread the disease by coughing or sneezing while in close contact with others, who then breathe in the pertussis bacteria. Many infants who get pertussis are infected by parents, older siblings, or other caregivers who might not even know they have the disease.Pertussis Trends
Reported cases of pertussis vary from year to year and tend to peak every 3-5 years. In 2010, 27,550 cases of pertussis were reported in the U.S.—and many more cases go unreported. Twenty-seven deaths were reported – 25 of these deaths were in children younger than 1 year old. Since the 1980s, there's been an increase in the number of cases of pertussis, especially among teens (10–19 years of age) and babies younger than 6 months of age. In 2010, an increase in reported cases among 7-10 year olds was seen. This new trend reinforces the need for a routinely recommended booster dose of Tdap at age 11 or 12 years.
Preventing Pertussis
The best way to prevent pertussis is to get vaccinated. Parents can also help protect infants by keeping them away as much as possible from anyone who has cold symptoms or is coughing.Vaccine Recommendations
For Infants and Children: In the US, the recommended pertussis vaccine for children is called DTaP. This is a safe and effective combination vaccine that protects children against three diseases: diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. For maximum protection against pertussis, children need five DTaP shots. The first three shots are given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. The fourth shot is given at 15 through 18 months of age, and a fifth shot is given when a child enters school, at 4 through 6 years of age. If a 7-10 year old is not up-to-date with DTaP vaccines, a dose of Tdap should be given before the 11-12 year old check up.For Preteens and Teens: Vaccine protection for pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria can decrease with time. Preteens going to the doctor for their regular check-up at age 11 or 12 years should get a booster vaccine, called Tdap. Teens and young adults who didn't get a booster of Tdap as a preteen should get one dose when they visit their health care provider.
For Pregnant Women: Pregnant women who have not been previously vaccinated with Tdap should get one dose of Tdap during the third trimester or late second trimester – or immediately postpartum, before leaving the hospital or birthing center. By getting Tdap during pregnancy, maternal pertussis antibodies transfer to the newborn, likely providing protection against pertussis in early life, before the baby starts getting DTaP vaccines. Tdap will also protect the mother at time of delivery, making her less likely to transmit pertussis to her infant.
For Adults: Adults who didn't get Tdap as a preteen or teen should get one dose of Tdap. Getting vaccinated with Tdap at least two weeks before coming into close contact with an infant is especially important for families with and caregivers of new infants. Adults 65 years and older who have close contact with infants should also get a dose of Tdap if they never have before.
The easiest thing for adults to do is to get Tdap instead of their next regular tetanus booster—the Td shot that is recommended for adults every 10 years. The dose of Tdap can be given earlier than the 10-year mark, so it's a good idea for adults to talk to a health care provider about what's best for their specific situation.
More Information
- Parents' Guide to Childhood Immunizations
- Learn more about pertussis disease
- Fact sheet describes symptoms of pertussis as well as benefits and risks of vaccination
- Hear What Pertussis Sounds Like
- Listen to a Podcast
- Send a Health-e-Card (available in English and Spanish) about protecting infants against pertussis with vaccines for adults
- For Healthcare Professionals:
- Pertussis: Summary of Vaccine Recommendations
- Information on treatment, complications, diagnostic testing, and more
- Flyers to use with your patients
- Podcast
- Videos
- Specimen Collection
- Pertussis: Recognition and Treatment
(CDC Expert Commentary in Partnership with Medscape: 3:36 minutes)
- With Pertussis on the Rise, Who Needs a Tdap Vaccination?
- Pertussis Diagnosis: Avoid the Pitfalls of PCR
- Pertussis — Tdap: Now for Pregnant Women and 65 Plus
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