Rickettsiae in Ticks, Japan, 2007–2011

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To the Editor: Japanese spotted fever (JSF), caused by Rickettsia japonica, is the most prevalent tickborne infectious disease in Japan (1), occurring most frequently in central and western regions (http://idsc.nih.go.jp/idwr/CDROM/Main.html

[in Japanese]). Cases of unknown fever with rickettsiosis-like symptoms not associated with JSF have been reported in JSF-endemic regions of Japan (2). Several spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae (R. japonica, R. heilongjiangensis, R. helvetica, R. tamurae, R. asiatica, Candidatus R. tarasevichiae) and other related Rickettsia spp. have been identified in Japan (1,3–6). Human infections with R. heilongjiangensis and R. tamurae have been confirmed (3,5), and Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, known human pathogens, have been detected in ticks and deer in Japan. We conducted this study to determine the risk in central and western Japan for human exposure to ticks harboring SFG rickettsiae, A. phagocytophilum, or Ehrlichia spp.
In 2007–2011, we collected 827 Haemaphysalis, Amblyomma, and Ixodes spp. ticks (392 adults, 435 nymphs) by flagging vegetation in the prefectures of Shizuoka, Mie, Wakayama, Kagoshima, Nagasaki (Goto Island), and Okinawa (the main island and Yonaguni Island) (Technical Appendix Figure 1

[PDF - 154 KB - 2 pages]). We extracted DNA from the salivary glands of each tick and performed PCR to amplify gltA, 16S rDNA, and ompA of SFG rickettsiae. To detect A. phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia spp., we performed nested PCR targeting the p44/msp2 and p28/omp-1 multigenes, respectively.
PCR gltA screening revealed SFG rickettsiae in 181 (21.9%) of the 827 ticks (Table). We obtained nearly full-length (1.1-kb) gltA sequences and classified them into 5 groups by phylogenetic analyses (Technical Appendix Figure 2

[PDF - 154 KB - 2 pages]). Sequences for groups 1 (prevalence 1.0%) and 2 (prevalence 3.2%) were identified as R. japonica YH (GenBank accession no. AP011533) and R. tamurae (GenBank accession no. AF394896), respectively (Table). Group 3 (prevalence 15.1%) sequences were identical to that of Rickettsia sp. LON (GenBank accession no. AB516964). The sequence for group 4 (prevalence 1.6%) was closely related to that for R. raoultii strain Khabarovsk (98.8% similarity), and a part of the sequence (342 bp) was identical to that of Rickettsia sp. Hf 151 (GenBank accession no. AB114815). Group 5 consisted of 4 newly identified rickettsiae (Technical Appendix Figure 2

[PDF - 154 KB - 2 pages]). Of these 4 rickettsiae, 3 (Mie311, Goto13, and Mie334) were closely related to R. raoultii strain Khabarovsk (98.0% identity) and 1 (Mie201) was similar to Candidatus R. principis (99.7% identity).
We further analyzed the 16S rDNA and ompA in gltA-positive tick samples. The 16S rDNA and ompA for group 1 samples shared 100% identity with 16S rDNA and ompA of R. japonica YH (AP011533). The 16S rDNA of group 2 was identical to that of R. tamurae (AY049981). In groups 3–5, some of the specific amplicons in 16S rDNA or ompA could be detected; their sequences were confirmed to be similar (but not identical) to those of several known rickettsial sequences.
We amplified the p44/msp2 amplicons of A. phagocytophilum from 25 (3%) of 827 ticks (Table). By cloning (TA Cloning Kit; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and sequencing these amplicons, we obtained and identified 60 new TA-clone sequences (366–507 bp) for p44/msp2 (GenBank accession nos. JQ697880–JQ697950); these sequences may include a potentially novel Anaplasma species. (7). Ehrlichia p28/omp-1 was detected from 2 (0.2%) of the 827 ticks. Of 5 TA-clone sequences (284–315 bp) obtained from the 2 ticks, 2 from an A. testudinarium tick (GenBank accession nos. JQ697886 and JQ697887) shared 83.3%–86.7% similarity with E. ruminantium Gardel Map-1 (GenBank accession no. YP196842), and 3 from an H. longicornis tick (GenBank accession nos. JQ697888–JQ697890) showed the closest relationship to E. ewingii omp-1–15 (67%–73% similarity; GenBank accession no. EF116932).
We identified the tick species associated with R. japonica as H. formosensis, H. hystricis, and H. cornigera, and another study reported an association with Dermacentor taiwanensis, H. flava, H. longicornis, and I. ovatus (4). In our study and previous studies, the tick species associated with A. phagocytophilum in Japan were identified as H. formosensis, H. longicornis, H. megaspinosa, A. testudinarium, I. ovatus, and I. persulcatus (8). Thus, it appears that 3 tick species (H. formosensis, H. longicornis, and I. ovatus) are associated with R. japonica and A. phagocytophilum.
In addition, in an H. formosensis tick, we detected an SFG rickettsia that is closely related to R. raoultii, the etiologic agent of Dermacentor-borne necrosis erythema and lymphadenopathy in Europe and Russia (9). We detected Candidatus R. principis in H. flava in Japan; this species was previously detected in H. japonica douglasi and H. danieli ticks in Russia and China, respectively, (10). And, we found a high prevalence of R. tamurae in A. testidinarium ticks; Imaoka et al. (5) recently reported that R. tamurae causes local skin inflammation without general JSP-like symptoms. We did not detect the human pathogen E. chaffeensis, but we identified 2 potentially new Ehrlichia species.
Our findings contribute to the known risks for exposure to Rickettsia-related pathogens in central and western Japan. Further studies may be required for the surveillance of additional pathogens, such as Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis (2), which was recently recognized as a human pathogen.

Gaowa¹, Norio Ohashi¹

, Minami Aochi, Wuritu, Dongxing Wu, Yuko Yoshikawa, Fumihiko Kawamori, Toshiro Honda, Hiromi Fujita², Nobuhiro Takada, Yosaburo Oikawa, Hiroki Kawabata, Shuji Ando, and Toshio Kishimoto

Author affiliations: University of Shizuoka Global Center of Excellence Program, Shizuoka, Japan (Gaowa, N. Ohashi, M. Aochi, Wuritu, D. Wu, Y. Yoshikawa, F. Kawamori); Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene, Shizuoka (F. Kawamori); Kagoshima Prefectural Institute for Environment Research and Public Health, Kagoshima, Japan (T. Honda); Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan (H. Fujita); Fukui University, Fukui, Japan (N. Takada); Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan (Y. Oikawa); National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (H. Kawabata, S. Ando); Okayama Prefectural Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health, Okayama, Japan (T. Kishimoto)

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the Research on Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases grant from the Association for Preventive Medicine of Japan; grants for Research on Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (H18-Shinkou-Ippan-014, H21-Shinkou-Ippan-006, and H24-Shinkou-Ippan-008); and a Global Center of Excellence Program grant from Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (to N.O.).

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Table

Table. PCR survey results for Haemaphysalis, Amblyomma, and Ixodes spp. ticks tested for rickettsiae, central and western Japan, 2007–2011

Technical Appendix

Technical Appendix. [154 KB - 2 pages]

Suggested citation for this article: Gaowa, Ohashi N, Aochi M, Wuritu, Wu D, Yoshikawa Y, et al. Rickettsiae in ticks, Japan, 2007–2011 [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2013 Feb [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1902.120856

DOI: 10.3201/eid1902.120856

¹These authors contributed equally to this article.

²Current affiliation: Mahara Institute of Medical Acarology, Anan, Japan.