Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome - Genetics Home Reference

Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome - Genetics Home Reference

Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome

On this page:

• Description


• Genetic changes


• Inheritance


• Diagnosis


• Additional information


• Other names


• Glossary definitions

Reviewed June 2010

What is atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a disease that primarily affects kidney function. This condition, which can occur at any age, causes abnormal blood clots (thrombi) to form in small blood vessels in the kidneys. These clots can cause serious medical problems if they restrict or block blood flow. Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome is characterized by three major features related to abnormal clotting: hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and kidney failure.
Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cells break down (undergo hemolysis) prematurely. In atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, red blood cells can break apart as they squeeze past clots within small blood vessels. Anemia results if these cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. This condition can lead to unusually pale skin (pallor), yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice), fatigue, shortness of breath, and a rapid heart rate.
Thrombocytopenia is a reduced level of circulating platelets, which are cell fragments that normally assist with blood clotting. In people with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, fewer platelets are available in the bloodstream because a large number of platelets are used to make abnormal clots. Thrombocytopenia can cause easy bruising and abnormal bleeding.
As a result of clot formation in small blood vessels, people with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome experience kidney damage and acute kidney failure that lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in about half of all cases. These life-threatening complications prevent the kidneys from filtering fluids and waste products from the body effectively.
Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome should be distinguished from a more common condition called typical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The two disorders have different causes and different signs and symptoms. Unlike the atypical form, the typical form is caused by infection with certain strains of Escherichia coli bacteria that produce toxic substances called Shiga-like toxins. The typical form is characterized by severe diarrhea and most often affects children younger than 10. The typical form is less likely than the atypical form to involve recurrent attacks of kidney damage that lead to ESRD.

How common is atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

The incidence of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome is estimated to be 1 in 500,000 people per year in the United States. The atypical form is probably about 10 times less common than the typical form.

What genes are related to atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome often results from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Mutations in at least seven genes appear to increase the risk of developing the disorder. Mutations in a gene called CFH are most common; they have been found in about 30 percent of all cases of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Mutations in the other genes have each been identified in a smaller percentage of cases.
The genes associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome provide instructions for making proteins involved in a part of the body's immune response known as the complement system. This system is a group of proteins that work together to destroy foreign invaders (such as bacteria and viruses), trigger inflammation, and remove debris from cells and tissues. The complement system must be carefully regulated so it targets only unwanted materials and does not attack the body's healthy cells. The regulatory proteins associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome protect healthy cells by preventing activation of the complement system when it is not needed.
Mutations in the genes associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome lead to uncontrolled activation of the complement system. The overactive system attacks cells that line blood vessels in the kidneys, causing inflammation and the formation of abnormal clots. These abnormalities lead to kidney damage and, in many cases, kidney failure and ESRD.
Although gene mutations increase the risk of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, studies suggest that they are often not sufficient to cause the disease. In people with certain genetic changes, the signs and symptoms of the disorder may be triggered by factors including certain medications (such as anticancer drugs), chronic diseases, viral or bacterial infections, cancers, organ transplantation, or pregnancy.
Some people with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome do not have any known genetic changes or environmental triggers for the disease. In these cases, the disorder is described as idiopathic.
Read more about the CFH gene.
See a list of genes associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome.

How do people inherit atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

Most cases of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome are sporadic, which means that they occur in people with no apparent history of the disorder in their family. Less than 20 percent of all cases have been reported to run in families. When the disorder is familial, it can have an autosomal dominant or an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
Autosomal dominant inheritance means one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase the risk of the disorder. In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. However, most people with the autosomal dominant form of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome have no history of the disorder in their family. Because not everyone who inherits a gene mutation will develop the signs and symptoms of the disease, an affected individual may have unaffected relatives who carry a copy of the mutation.
Autosomal recessive inheritance means both copies of a gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

Where can I find information about diagnosis or management of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

These resources address the diagnosis or management of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome and may include treatment providers.

• Gene Review: Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome


• Genetic Testing Registry: Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome


• Genetic Testing Registry: Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome 1


• Genetic Testing Registry: Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome 2


• Genetic Testing Registry: Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome 3


• Genetic Testing Registry: Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome 4


• Genetic Testing Registry: Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome 5


• Genetic Testing Registry: Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome 6


• MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Hemolytic Anemia


• MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome


• MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Thrombocytopenia


• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You

You might also find information on the diagnosis or management of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Educational resources and Patient support.
General information about the diagnosis and management of genetic conditions is available in the Handbook. Read more about genetic testing, particularly the difference between clinical tests and research tests.
To locate a healthcare provider, see How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook.

Where can I find additional information about atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

You may find the following resources about atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome helpful. These materials are written for the general public.

• 
  MedlinePlus - Health information (6 links)
  
  


• Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center - Information about genetic conditions and rare diseases


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  Additional NIH Resources - National Institutes of Health (3 links)
  
  


• 
  Educational resources - Information pages (5 links)
  
  


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  Patient support - For patients and families (5 links)
  
  

You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for healthcare professionals and researchers.

• Gene Reviews - Clinical summary


• 
  Genetic Testing Registry - Repository of genetic test information (7 links)
  
  


• ClinicalTrials.gov - Linking patients to medical research


• PubMed - Recent literature


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  OMIM - Genetic disorder catalog (6 links)
  
  

What other names do people use for atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

• aHUS


• nonenteropathic HUS


• non-Shiga-like toxin-associated HUS


• non-Stx-HUS

For more information about naming genetic conditions, see the Genetics Home Reference Condition Naming Guidelines and How are genetic conditions and genes named? in the Handbook.

What if I still have specific questions about atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

Ask the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center.

Where can I find general information about genetic conditions?

The Handbook provides basic information about genetics in clear language.

• What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family?


• What are the different ways in which a genetic condition can be inherited?


• If a genetic disorder runs in my family, what are the chances that my children will have the condition?


• Why are some genetic conditions more common in particular ethnic groups?

These links provide additional genetics resources that may be useful.

• Genetics and health


• Resources for Patients and Families


• Resources for Health Professionals

What glossary definitions help with understanding atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

acute ; anemia ; atypical ; autosomal ; autosomal dominant ; autosomal recessive ; bacteria ; blood clotting ; cell ; chronic ; clotting ; end-stage renal disease ; Escherichia coli ; ESRD ; familial ; gene ; hemolysis ; hemolytic anemia ; idiopathic ; immune response ; incidence ; infection ; inflammation ; inheritance ; innate immunity ; jaundice ; kidney ; mutation ; pallor ; pattern of inheritance ; platelets ; recessive ; renal ; renal disease ; sporadic ; stage ; syndrome ; thrombocytopenia ; toxic ; toxin
You may find definitions for these and many other terms in the Genetics Home Reference Glossary.
See also Understanding Medical Terminology.

References (9 links)

The resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. See How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook.