X-chromosome association study reveals genetic susceptibility loci of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Xiao-Yu Zuo†,
Qi-Sheng Feng†,
Jian Sun,
Pan-Pan Wei,
Yoon-Ming Chin,
Yun-Miao Guo,
Yun-Fei Xia,
Bo Li,
Xiao-Jun Xia,
Wei-Hua Jia,
Jian-Jun Liu,
Alan Soo-Beng Khoo,
Taisei Mushiroda,
Ching-Ching Ng†Email author,
Wen-Hui Su†Email author,
Yi-Xin Zeng†Email author and
Jin-Xin Bei†Email author

†Contributed equally

Biology of Sex Differences201910:13

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-019-0227-9

Received: 9 January 2019
Accepted: 27 February 2019
Published: 25 March 2019

Abstract

Background

The male predominance in the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) suggests the contribution of the X chromosome to the susceptibility of NPC. However, no X-linked susceptibility loci have been examined by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for NPC by far.

Methods

To understand the contribution of the X chromosome in NPC susceptibility, we conducted an X chromosome-wide association analysis on 1615 NPC patients and 1025 healthy controls of Guangdong Chinese, followed by two validation analyses in Taiwan Chinese (n = 562) and Malaysian Chinese (n = 716).

Results

Firstly, the proportion of variance of X-linked loci over phenotypic variance was estimated in the discovery samples, which revealed that the phenotypic variance explained by X chromosome polymorphisms was estimated to be 12.63% (non-dosage compensation model) in males, as compared with 0.0001% in females. This suggested that the contribution of X chromosome to the genetic variance of NPC should not be neglected. Secondly, association analysis revealed that rs5927056 in DMD gene achieved X chromosome-wide association significance in the discovery sample (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.73–0.89, P = 1.49 × 10−5). Combined analysis revealed rs5927056 for DMD gene with suggestive significance (P = 9.44 × 10−5). Moreover, the female-specific association of rs5933886 in ARHGAP6 gene (OR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.47–0.81, P = 4.37 × 10−4) was successfully replicated in Taiwan Chinese (P = 1.64 × 10−2). rs5933886 also showed nominally significant gender × SNP interaction in both Guangdong (P = 6.25 × 10−4) and Taiwan datasets (P = 2.99 × 10−2).

Conclusion

Our finding reveals new susceptibility loci at the X chromosome conferring risk of NPC and supports the value of including the X chromosome in large-scale association studies.