Volume 26, Number 5—May 2020
Research Letter
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Endemicity in United Arab Emirates, 2019
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Jeremy V. Camp
, Dafalla O. Kannan, Babiker Mohammed Osman, Moayyed Sher Shah, Brigitte Howarth, Tamer Khafaga, Pia Weidinger, Noushad Karuvantevida, Jolanta Kolodziejek, Hessa Mazrooei, Nadine Wolf, Tom Loney, and Norbert Nowotny
, Dafalla O. Kannan, Babiker Mohammed Osman, Moayyed Sher Shah, Brigitte Howarth, Tamer Khafaga, Pia Weidinger, Noushad Karuvantevida, Jolanta Kolodziejek, Hessa Mazrooei, Nadine Wolf, Tom Loney, and Norbert Nowotny Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in dromedary camels and attached ticks at 3 locations in the United Arab Emirates. Results revealed a high prevalence of CCHFV-reactive antibodies in camels and viral RNA in ticks and camel serum, suggesting the virus is endemic in this country.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV; order Bunyavirales, family Nairoviridae, genus Orthonairovirus) is a geographically widespread species of tickborne virus. Enzootic transmission cycles involve livestock (cattle, sheep, goats) and tick species of the genus Hyalomma (Acari: Ixodidae) (1). Spillover into humans typically occurs through tick bites; however, some severe (and even fatal) CCHFV infections have occurred as a result of exposure to blood or tissue from infected animals. The virus is genetically diverse, and evidence indicates that frequent reassortment of viral gene segments occurs, potentially as a result of animal trade between regions of Africa and Asia (1,2).
Reports of infections in humans during 2016–2019 (3–5), the outbreak in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 1979 (6), and the outbreak in Oman during 1994–1995 (7) suggest that CCHFV is present in the Arabian Peninsula. However, little is known about enzootic transmission and the frequency of importation into this region. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of ticks and dromedary camels in the UAE to determine exposure status and detect active CCHFV infections.
We collected whole blood samples from camels at 3 sites within the UAE that differed in camel use: a family farm, a desert conservation reserve with multiple tour operators, and a large livestock market (Appendix). We found CCHFV antibodies in the serum samples of 67% (84/125) of camels. CCHFV antibody prevalence was highest in older camels (96% in camels >10 years of age), and no difference in antibody prevalence was detected between sexes (68% [51/75] male, 71% [29/41] female) (Appendix Table 1). The prevalence of reactive antibodies differed between sampling locations, potentially because of differences in animal ages at the respective sites.
We removed 314 adult ticks and 33 tick nymphs (0–5 ticks/camel) from camels and identified the species under a stereomicroscope. Most (99%, 311/314) adults were Hyalomma dromedarii ticks, and 3 were H. scupense ticks. Two pools of adult H. dromedarii ticks (1 containing 3 males and the other containing 1 male) from 2 separate camels (both 6-year-old females, one of which was antibody positive) and serum samples from 2 camels (a 3-year-old female and 2-year-old male, both antibody negative) were positive for CCHFV nucleic acid (Appendix Table 2). These 4 camels were all from the livestock market but originated from different regions of the UAE. The 2 camels with CCHFV RNA–positive serum were only briefly at the livestock market (for 1 and 2 days), and the 2 with CCHFV RNA–positive ticks were housed at the market for 7 and 41 days.
Figure. Molecular phylogeny of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses from dromedary camel serum samples and ticks (green circles, thick branches), United Arab Emirates, 2019. A maximum-likelihood analysis of a 492-nt sequence of the...
We performed 2 conventional reverse transcription PCRs on the RNA-positive serum samples and on each tick from the 2 RNA-positive pools, 1 amplifying a 492-bp portion of the viral small (S) segment and 1 amplifying a 672-bp portion of the viral medium (M) segment (Appendix). We then subjected these PCR products to Sanger sequencing (GenBank accession nos. MN516481–8; Appendix Table 3). The S segment sequences from 3 ticks (from 2 camels) and 2 serum samples were all identical to each other, except for a single synonymous substitution in the sequence from 1 serum sample; these sequences were genetically similar to sequences of isolates from West and South Africa (group III; Figure, panel A). We obtained the M segment sequences from only 3 ticks from 2 camels. These sequences were 85% identical to available sequences in GenBank, and the isolate with the closest identity (AP92, GenBank accession no. DQ211625) was from Greece (Figure panel B). Thus, the 2019 UAE isolates did not fall within previously defined phylogenetic groups (2).
Our data indicate that exposure to CCHFV is common among camels in the UAE, and transmission to camels might be occurring via native infected H. dromedarii ticks. A previous survey of UAE livestock that occurred shortly after the 1994–1995 outbreak ruled out camels and camel ticks as CCHFV reservoirs (7). Our data might indicate increased transmission activity in the region, potentially explaining the human case in Sharjah, UAE, in August 2019 associated with handling infected meat (5). The largest outbreak of CCHFV infection in the UAE (1994–1995) was associated with a high case-fatality ratio (73%) and was limited to abattoir workers (8,9); however, hospital outbreaks have also previously occurred in the UAE (6).
All previously characterized CCHFV isolates from the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East (including viruses from the UAE and Oman) were genetically similar to each other, clustering together according to the S segment (group IV, Figure panel A). The M segments of the isolates from UAE and Oman were similar to those of viruses from Asia, the Middle East, West Africa, and South Africa (Figure panel B) (2,3,7). Overall, the data suggest that CCHFV is endemic in the UAE, where enzootic transmission cycles involve camels and camel ticks.
Dr. Camp is a research scientist at the Institute of Virology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria. He uses his backgrounds in entomology and virology to pursue his primary research interest, the ecology of zoonotic and vectorborne viruses.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Matter Mohammed Saif Alnuaimi (General Manager of Al Ain City Municipality) and his team for supporting the study; Hashim Ahmed Saeed and Md. Helal Ahmed for assistance with sampling at the livestock market; Greg Simkins and the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve staff for access and support during our sampling of the reserve; staff of the camel tour providers Al Maha, Arabian Adventures, Desert Star, Alpha Tours, and Travco Tours; and the Mazrooei family for their support and generosity during the sampling of their farm. We are grateful for the assistance of Athiq Ahmed Wahab and Abubakkar Babuhan in facilitating the study.
This work was supported by a research grant of the College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (to N.N., grant no. MBRU-CM-RG2018-14).
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Cite This ArticleOriginal Publication Date: 2/25/2020
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